Dancing in the Glory of Monsters (71 page)

20
The “bunch of rebels” is a reference to the Lord’s Resistance Army, who had displaced almost a million people in northern Uganda.

21
Author’s interview with Levi Ochieng, Ugandan journalist in Kisangani at the time, Nairobi, June 2007.

22
Author’s interview with Thomas Luhaka, Kinshasa, November 2007.

23
This section is based on the author’s interview with Pastor Philippe, Kisangani, June 2004.

24
Prunier,
Africa’s World War
, 240. The students, who had been born in Uganda, were protesting against having to take exams in French, a language they did not speak.

25
David Kibirige, “UPDF Commanders Hooligans,”
Monitor
(Kampala), June 11, 2000.

CHAPTER 17

1
Richard Brennen et al., “Mortality in the Congo: A Nationwide Survey,”
Lancet
367, no. 9504 (January 2006): 44–51.

2
Roberts’s methodology has been questioned by other researchers, although most concur with his broad conclusions. The initial two studies carried out only surveyed a small, random sample of health zones, raising questions about how representative the study was. Also, the baseline of mortality from 1998, with which they were comparing their results, had not been firmly established.

3
For Rwanda, this included the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), the Union of Congolese Patriots (UPC), the Mudundu 40, as well as several semi-independent local militias affiliated with the RCD, such as Governor Eugene Serufuli’s Local Defense Force in North Kivu and Governor Xavier Chiribanya’s militia in South Kivu. For Uganda, this included the Patriotic Resistance Forces of Ituri (FRPI), the National and Integrationist Front (FNI), the Congolese Revolutionary Movement (MRC), the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC), and the Congolese Rally for Democracy-National (RCD-N). The Congolese government was allied to half a dozen Mai-Mai groups, ranging from 8,000 strong to just several hundred, spread throughout the Kivus.

4
This section is based on the author’s interviews with residents, Kasika, March 2008. The events have been corroborated by interviews conducted by the United Nations Mapping Team in 2008 and 2009 in Kasika,
Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between March 1993 and June 2003
, 176. Numerous Congolese NGOs also documented the massacre; their reports include
Massacres de Kasika au sud-Kivu
, CADDHOM, 1998;
Report of 20 November 1998
, COJESKI, 1998;
Report of January 1999
, COJESKI, 1999; and Jean Migabo Kalere,
Génocide au Congo? Analyse des massacres des populations civiles
, Broederlijk Delen, 2002. See also Ambroise Bulambo,
Mourir au Kivu: Du génocide tutsi aux massacres dans l’est du Congo RCD
(Paris: L’Harmattan, 2001).

5
Interviews with residents, Kasika.

6
His name has been changed to protect his identity.

7
Author’s interview with Patrice, Kasika, March 2008.

8
His name has been changed to protect his identity.

9
Author’s interview, Bukavu, March 2008.

10
Report of the Mapping Exercise
, 176.

11
This section is based on the author’s interviews in Kilungutwe, March 2008.

12
George Lerner, “Activist: Rape of Women, Girls a Weapon of War in Congo,” CNN, October 30, 2009,
edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/10/24/amanpour .congo.rape.documentary/index.html
;
Demographic and Health Survey, 2007
, Ministry of Development and Ministry of Health, Democratic Republic of Congo, August 2008; Kirsten Johnson et al., “Association of Sexual Violence and Human Rights Violations with Physical and Mental Health in Territories of the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo,”
Journal of the American Medical Association
304, no. 5 (August 2010): 553–562.

13
Author’s interview with Benjamin Serukiza, Kinshasa, November 2007.

14
“Interview with Julius Nyerere,”
PBS Newshour
, December 27, 1996.

15
Tatiana Carayannis and Herbert Weiss, “Reconstructing the Congo,”
Journal of International Affairs
58, no. 1 (2004): 134.

CHAPTER 18

1
This description of events is according to the author’s interviews with Jean Mbuyu, the national security advisor; Edy Kapend, Kabila’s military advisor; and Mwenze Kongolo, minister of interior, Kinshasa, June 2009.

2
Author’s interview with a former aide to Kabila, who wished to remain anonymous, Kinshasa, November 2007.

3
The roll call gave a good idea of who had power around the president at the time: Gaetan Kakudji, the interior minister who had been Kabila’s representative in Europe during the 1980s; the oil minister Victor Mpoyo, the president’s éminence grise for financial deals with multinationals; Yerodia Ndombasi, the eccentric education minister who had known Mzee since his early rebel days; and Edy Kapend, the young military advisor with close links to Angola.

4
Author’s interview with Didier Mumengi, Kinshasa, November 2007.

5
Herbert Weiss,
War and Peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
, Current African Issues no. 22 (Uppsala, Sweden: Nordiska Afrikaninstitutet, 2000), 15.

6
Gauthiers de Villers and Jean-Claude Willame,
Republique democratique du Congo: Chronique politique d’un entre-deux-guerres, octobre 1996–juillet 1998
, Cahiers Africains 35 (Paris: L’Harmattan, 1998), 233.

7
Interview with Mumengi.

8
International Monetary Fund,
Country Report No 01/123
, July 2001, 29.

9
Addendum to the United Nations Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of DR Congo
, S/2001/1072, United Nations, November 10, 2001, paragraphs 67–68.

10
Author’s interview with Jean Mbuyu, Kinshasa, June 2009.

11
Author’s interview with Jean-Bosco Ndayikengurukiye, Bujumbura, May 2009.

12
International Crisis Group,
Scramble for the Congo: Anatomy of an Ugly War
, Africa Report no. 26, December 20, 2000, 52.

13
Author’s interview with Colonel Maurice Gateretse, Bujumbura, March 2008.

14
Karl Vick, “Desperate Battle Defines Congo’s Warlike Peace,”
Washington Post
, January 2, 2001.

15
Interview with Ndayikengurukiye.

16
Interview with Mbuyu.

17
Vick, “Desperate Battle.”

18
International Crisis Group,
Scramble for the Congo
, 64.

19
Interview with Kabila aide, Kinshasa, June 2009.

20
Interview with two separate Kabila aides, Kinshasa, June 2009.

21
Interview with Mumengi.

22
This description of events is according to my interviews with Jean Mbuyu, the national security advisor, and Edy Kapend, Kabila’s military advisor, Kinshasa, June 2009.

23
Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, “Ces enfants soldats qui out tué Kabila,”
Le Monde
(Paris), February 9, 2001.

24
This tale is recited frequently in Kinshasa. See also Norimitsu Onishi, “Slain Congo Leader Buried to Pomp and Confusion,”
New York Times
, January 24, 2001.

25
State Department Report on Human Rights Practices, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2001; author’s interview with former
kadogo
, Kinshasa, October 2007.

26
Smith and Glaser, “Ces enfants soldats.”

27
Interview with Mbuyu.

28
Author’s telephone interview with former Rwandan security official, June 2010.

29
“ Kabila cherche à vendre ses pierres,”
La Lettre du Continent
, August 24, 2000; “Dropping Kabila,”
Africa Confidential
41, no. 20, October 13, 2000, quoted in Gérard Prunier,
Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 253nn152, 153.

30
Marie-France Cros, “L’assassinat de Kabila: Un quasi-témoin parle,”
La Libre Belgique
, December 24, 2001.

31
Norimitsu Onishi, “Suspects by the Score and, Oh, Such Digressions!”
New York Times
, April 21, 2001.

CHAPTER 19

1
Author’s interview with Mwenze Kongolo, Kinshasa, July 2009.

2
Richard Morais, “Friends in High Places,”
Forbes
, August 10, 1998.

3
Author’s interview with Gécamines official, Kinshasa, July 2009.

4
Andrew Maykuth, “Outside Mining Firms Find Zaire an Untapped Vein,”
Philadelphia Inquirer
, May 11, 1997.

5
Ibid.

6
Ibid.

7
“Huge Fortunes at Stake in Zaire,”
Business Times
(Johannesburg), April 20, 1997; author’s interview with former American Mineral Fields executive, Cape Town, February 2008.

8
Author’s interview with Lundin executive, Cape Town, February 2008.

9
Maykuth, “Outside Mining Firms.”

10
These companies were not alone. A Canadian company, First Quantum, was also reported to have given a multimillion-dollar advance to the rebels in return for a concession before they arrived in Kinshasa.

11
James G. Stewart,
Corporate War Crimes: Prosecuting the Pillage of Natural Resources
(New York: Open Society Justice Initiative, 2010), 33–36.

12
Ludo de Witte,
The Assassination of Lumumba
, trans. Ann Wright and Renée Fenby (London: Verso, 2001), 31.

13
“Demands and Derailment,” Africa Energy & Mining, May 21, 1997.

14
Special Commission Charged with Examining the Validity of Economic and Financial Conventions Concluded During the Wars of 1996–1997 and 1998: The Lutundula Report
, National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, February 26, 2006, 35.

15
Author’s interview with Mabi Mulumba, Kinshasa, December 2007.

16
Author’s interview with former presidential advisor, Kinshasa, November 2007.

17
Ibid.

18
Lutundula Report
, 32–33.

19
The commander of the armed forces was General Vitalis Zvinavashe and the minister of defense Sidney Sekeramayi.

20
Author’s interview with businessman in Paris, February 2008.

21
“Rautenbach Denies Murder Allegation,” South African Press Agency, December 16, 1999.

22
Author’s interview with Gécamines official, Kinshasa, July 2009.

23
Report of the United Nations Panel on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
, United Nations, October 8, 2002, 11; Gérard Prunier,
Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 218.

24
Author’s off-the-record telephone interview with a mining executive, May 2009.

25
Confidential South African intelligence report in the author’s possession.

26
Report of the United Nations Panel on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
, United Nations, April 12, 2001, 33.

27
International Monetary Fund,
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix
, Country Report 1/123, July 2001, 16.