Dancing in the Glory of Monsters (73 page)

4
Jeffrey Gettleman, “Rape Victim’s Words Help Jolt Congo into Change,”
New York Times
, October 17, 2008.

5
Author’s interview with Sue Hogwood, Bujumbura, March 2008.

6
Author’s interview with presidential advisor, Kigali, February 2008.

7
In 1993, a large UN mission (UNOSOM) was deployed to Somalia to secure the distribution of food aid to a starving population. It became embroiled in urban firefights with local militia commanders, leading to the highly publicized death of U.S. soldiers.

8
“Code Cable 00283 from American Embassy in Kigali to Rwanda Collective, Secretary of State, Washington DC,” January 6, 1997.

Index

Afande, Robert

AFDL

background

blocks humanitarian access to camps

commits atrocities, massacres

kadogo
abused, deployed

mobilizes Congolese Tutsi

repression in new Congo regime

welcomed by Zairians as anti-Mobutu

Albright, Madeleine

Alex (Banyamulenge boy)

Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Zaire.
See
AFDL

American Mineral Fields

Amin

Amnesty International

Anglo American Mining Corporation

Angola

in coalition to overthrow Mobutu

and L. Kabila’s assassination

sends Katangan Tigers to help RPF

supports Kabila against RCD advance

and UNITA rebels

drops L. Kabila (2000)

Anti-Tutsi ideology

attacks in Kinshasa

bred by AFDL, RCD

and citizenship ban by Mobutu

exacerbated by youth in RPF

as FAR military tactic

as justification for violence

in Uganda

in Zaire

See also
Stereotyping

Arendt, Hannah

Bagosora, Théoneste

Baldo, Suliman

Bantariza, Shaban

Banyamulenge (Congolese Tutsi)

attain RCD positions

barred from citizenship by Mobutu

civilians massacred

conditions after Rwandans depart DRC

evacuated by UN from Bukavu

evicted from Zaire

persecuted

protected by embassies

as soldiers to overthrow of Mobutu

Baramoto, Philemon

Baril, Maurice

Bas-Congo Province

BBC Swahili Service Radio

Belgian colonial era.
See
Colonial era of the Congo under Belgium

Bemba, Jean-Pierre

about

as MLC political, military, leader

as prime minster of Congo

Bemba, Saolona

Bembe, Anzuluni

Bembe tribe

A Bend in the River
(Naipaul)

Biblical theory of Tutsi and Hutu

Bisengimana, Barthélémy

Bizimungu, Pasteur

Bokassa, Bedel

Bonino, Emma

Boulle, Jean-Raymond

Boutros Ghali, Boutros

Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

refuge for
kadogo

refuge for Mobutu officials

refuge for Tutsi civilians

Bredenkamp, John

Bugera, Deogratias

background

chosen to lead Rwanda rebellion

as RPF leader

defects from RPF for new Tutsi rebellion

and L. Kabila

Bukavu, Zaire

anti-Tutsi sentiments

civilians, army, flee attacking Rwandans

L. Kabila recruits
kadogo

refugee camp

Bululu, Lunda

Burundi

embassy protects Kinshasa Tutsi

–Hutu refugees in Rwanda

and mass killing of Hutu

mercenaries work for L. Kabila

with Tutsi refugees (1962)

Bush, George W.

Butera (Rwandan commander)

Buyoya, Pierre

Canada

Caritas Catholic aid group

Castro, Fidel

Catholic parishes and priests

Bembe tribe prophesy

lead protests of Rwandan invasion

massacred

seek revenge for Hayarimana’s death

seminaries forced to accept Mobutu’s cells

Trappist monks

Central African Republic (CAR)

Child malnutrition and mortality

in Kisangani

in refugee camps

throughout Congo conflict areas

Child marriages

Child soldiers.
See Kadogo

China

The Choice of Freedom
(Bemba)

Churches

Catholic

of Kasika massacre

Malkia wa Ubembe in Abala

Methodist (Mariam Kinyamarura)

Pentecostal

in siege of Kisangani

in Tingi-Tingi refugee camp

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)

and Lumumba’s assassination

and Mobutu

and Savimbi

Citizenship

denied to Congolese Tutsi in Zaire

denied to refugees in Uganda

issue sparks invasion of Zaire

Mobutu changes position

used to fuel anti-Tutsi sentiment

Colonial era of Congo under Belgium

brutality of

dismembers kingdoms, local rule

ethnic prejudices against Hutu–Tutsi

Hamitic theory of race

and L. Kabila’s father

Leopold’s private business empire

mismanagement of mineral assets

Rwandans brought to Kivu

with weak military

Colonial era of Rwanda under Germany

Coltan mining and market

Conflict minerals as moral issue

Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DRC)

background

Mobutu overthrown

L. Kabila’s weak regime

J. Kabila succeeds father as president

unification (2002)

See also under specific towns and battles

Congo Free State

Congo wars

about

first war (1996–1997)

second war (1998–2003)

third war (2003–present)

Congolese army (second war)

disintegrates as Rwandans advance

Kabarebe leads rebellion against

loses Pweto

supported by Zimbabwe, Angola, Namibia

J. Kabila’s officer corps

Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD)

funds military with Congo’s resources

leadership, political strategy

massacres in Kasika and Eastern Congo

rebellion backed, controlled, by Rwanda

refuses UN peacekeepers

Uganda/Bemba form MLC

Wamba as president, ousted

fuels insurgency against J. Kabila

Congolese Tutsi.
See
Banyamulenge

Coups d’état

of Mobutu, Zaire (1960, 1965)

of Habyarimana, Rwanda (1973)

on L. Kabila, Congo (2001)

(attempt) on Patassé, CAR (2002)

(attempt) on J. Kabila, Congo (2004)

David (commander)

De Beers company

De Charette, Hervé

Des Forges, Alison

Destexhe, Alain

Diamonds

under L. Kabila’s regime

Mbuji-Mayi falls to Rwandans

mined in AFDL-controlled areas

schemes finance Congo, Zimbabwe, militaries

trafficked by Angolan rebels

Uganda–Rwanda standoff in Kisangani

Discrimination

against Banyamulenge

in Uganda against refugees

See also
Anti-Tutsi ideology

Doctors Without Borders

Donors (foreign)

refugee crisis seen as equal to genocide

relied on by Mobutu

reluctant to give to L. Kabila’s regime

repercussions of financing public services

supply half of government budgets

See also
Humanitarian organizations

Dos Santos, José Eduardo

and L. Kabila

sends Katangan Tigers to Kagame

supports rebellion against Mobutu

Double genocide revisionist concept

DRC.
See
Congo, Democratic Republic of the

Eastern Congo

brutal rule of AFDL, RCD

as mineral exporting region

mortality rate

ongoing insurgency

plundered by Rwanda, Uganda

Rwanda invades, takes control

Eichmann, Adolph

Endundo, José

Enveloppe
method of influence

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Ethnicity

as deciding factor for Mobutu’s army, staff

fails to explain Tutsi–Hutu violence

limits rebellions

mobilization vs. institutional resistance

Evil, nature of

Ex-FAR (ex-Rwandan Armed Forces)

armed by France

as feared militia

massacred by RPF

with Mobutu’s troops

recruited by L. Kabila for second war

return to massacre Rwandan Tutsi, Hutu

FAR.
See
Ex-FAR (ex-Rwandan Armed Forces)

FDLR

Forces Armées Zairoises (FAZ)

The 48 Rules of Power
(Greene)

France

arms, trains, Interahamwe, ex-FAR

Kinshasa embassy protects Tutsi civilians

mobilizes soldiers to aid refugees

supports Hutu government-in-exile

Francophone vs. anglophone countries

French mercenaries

Gateretse, Maurice

Gbadolite, Congo

as Mobutu’s monument to self

command center for MLC rebellion

Gécamines state-owned mining company

General History of the Congo
(Ndaywel)

Genocide in Darfur, Sudan

Genocide in Rwanda

introduced

compared to Congo wars, refugee crisis

impact on Rwanda

Interhamwe as rapists,
génocidaires

military dimension of massacres by Hutu

no perpetrators in revisionist version

as stimulus for idealistic action

Genocide of Hutu refugees in Zaire

Gisenyi, Rwanda

Goma, Zaire/DRC

camp of Hutu refugees, ex-FAR

refugees repatriated to Rwanda by RPF

invaded by Rwandans

as RCD headquarters

Tutsi death squad

Goodall, Jane

Gourevitch, Philip

Gribbin, Robert

Guevara, Che

declares Congo unready for revolution

guerrilla warfare

support fails of L. Kabila

Habyarimana, Agathe

Habyarimana, Juvénal

about

death, cremation

insurgents in Rwanda civil war

organizes massacres

seizes Rwanda treasury

Hamitic hypothesis

Hobbes, Thomas

Hogwood, Sue

Hospitals and health centers

electricity cut

patients and staff massacred

staff flee, abandon patients

supplies depleted

Hranjski, Hrvoje

Human rights.
See also
Mortality rates

Humanitarian organizations

access to camps closed by Rwandans

appear to favor Rwandan refugees over Congolese

based in Goma

forced to aid
génocidaires

linked to military

refugee camp conditions

Hunde of Zaire/DRC

Hutu militias

anti-Tutsi/Banyamulenge actions

armed by Kabila in Eastern Congo

attacked by Rwandans, RPF

deploy out of refugee camps

as
génocidaires

Rwandan, as mercenaries

Immigration

of Banyamulenge

of Hutu, Zairians, in 1,000-mile escape

from Rwanda, to Burundi, to Bukavu

and Rwandans’ citizenship issue

See also
Refugees

Impuzamugambi youth militia

Inera, Zaire, refugee camp

Infrastructure

cannibalized by Mobutu

collapse leads to cell phone tech.

needed for productive mining

Interahamwe youth militia

as feared vigilantes,
génocidaires

massacre Tutsi, Hutu refugees

retrained for Congolese army

trained by France

Inter-Congolese Dialogue

Kabarebe, James

and J. Kabila

leads rebellion against L. Kabila

leads Rwandan invasion of Zaire

and Lemera Agreement

transports minerals though Rwanda

Kabila, Joseph

background

as titular head of Congolese army

arrested by father after losing Pweto

succeeds father as DRC president

attempts to reform government

brutally represses rebellions

international/diplomatic policies

and Kabarebe

security forces

works peace deal with rivals

Kabila, Laurent

background

and Congolese Tutsi

failed rebellion period (1965–1994)

first Congo war: leads AFDL rebellion against Mobutu

first Congo war: recruits
kadogo

first Congo war: Kinshasa surrenders

second Congo war: battle for Kinshasa

second Congo war: incendiary anti-Tutsi stance

second Congo war: loses to Rwandans in Pweto

second Congo war: rebelled against by Congolese soldiers

regime: corruption, repression, inflation

assassination

Kadogo
(child soldiers)

hazing in boot camp

implicated in L. Kabila’s death

of L. Kabila’s army

stereotypes of

Kagame, Paul

background in Uganda

on aid to
génocidaires
not victims

forms alliance to overthrow Mobutu

organizes RCD rebellion against Kabila

on self-sustaining Congo mineral trade

and Wamba

warns U.S. of invasion plans

Kamanzi, Papy

background

commits massacre as ordered

in RPF

in Rwandan death squad

Kamitatu, Olivier

Kampata, Dona

Kapend, Edy

Karaha, Bizima

Karegeya, Patrick