Europe: A History (247 page)

FLAMENCO 1
. With thanks to Sra. Jozefina Del Carmen Boyd.
2
. Quoted by James Woodall,
In Search of the Firedance: Spain through Flamenco
(London, 1992), 149.

FLORA 1
. See Monica Kippner,
The Quality of Mercy: Women at War, Serbia 1915–18
(Newton Abbot, 1980), 223.
2
. Ibid. 34.
3
. See Julie Wheelwright,
Amazons and Military Maids
(London, 1989) which contains a chapter on Flora Sandes.
4
. Kippner,
The Quality of Mercy
, 30.

FOLLY 1
. Aleksander Bocheński,
Dzieje głupoty w Polsce
(repr. Warsaw, 1947).
2
. Adam Michnik,
Z dziejów honoru w Polsce: wypisy wiŽzienne
(Paris, 1985).
3
. Barbara Tuchman,
The March of Folly. From Troy to Vietnam
(London, 1984)

FREUDE 1
. F. von Schiller, ‘An die Freude’, in L. Reiners (ed.),
Der ewige Brunnen
(Munich, 1992), 910 ff.; F. von Schiller,
Ode to Joy
(Paisley, 1987).
2
. G. Grove,
Beethoven and his Nine Symphonies
(London, 1898), 326–7.
3
. Ibid. 309–400; Ralph Hill (ed.),
The Symphony
(London, 1949), 113–17.

FUTHARK 1
. See R. A. Page, ‘Rune-Masters and Skalds’, in J. Campbell-Graham,
The Viking World
(London, 1989), 155–71.
2
. N. Pennick, ‘Figure and Sequence’, in
Games of the Gods: The Origin of Board Games in Magic and Divination
(London, 1988), 75.
3
. Tacitus, quoted ibid. 91.
4
. Pennick,
Games of the Gods
, 95–100: see also R. A. S. Macalister,
The Secret Languages of Ireland
(Cambridge, 1987); D. McManus,
A Guide to Ogham
(Maynooth, 1991); R. R. Brash and J. R. Allen,
Ogham Monuments in Wales
(Llanerch, 1992).

GAGAUZ 1
. See W. Zajązkowski,
Język i folklor u Gagauzów w Bulgarii
(Kraków, 1966).
2
. See H. T. Norris,
Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world
(London, 1993).
3
. T. J. Winnifrith, ‘The Pomaks’, in
Shattered Eagles, Balkan Fragments
(London, 1995), 82–98.
4
. R. J. Donie, J. V. A. Fine,
Bosnia and Hercegovina: a tradition betrayed
(London, 1994).

GAT-HUNTER 1
. Clive Gamble, ‘Hunter-gatherers and the origin of states’, in J. A. Hall (ed.),
States in History
(Oxford, 1968); see also R. B. Lee, I. De Vore (eds.),
Man the Hunter
(Chicago, 1968).

GATTOPARDO 1
. Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa,
Il Gattopardo
(Milan, 1958); trans. Archibald Colquhoun as
The Leopard
(London, 1960), 11.
2
. Ibid. 29.
3
. Ibid. 223.

GAUCHE 1
. See J. van Clove, R. E. Frederick,
The Philosophy of Right and Left: incongruent counterparts and the nature of space
(London, 1991).
2
. N. Nugent, ‘The European Parliament’, in
The Government and Politics of the European Community
(3rd edn.) (London, 1994).

GENES 1
. P. J. Bowles,
The Mendelian Revolution
(London, 1989); C. F. Meyer,
The Genesis of Genetics: The Growing Knowledge of Heredity Before and After Mendel
(Rome, 1953); C. Stern,
The Origin of Genetics: A Mendelian Source Book
(London, 1966).
2
. Zhores Medvedev,
The Rise and Fall of T. D. Lysenko
(1967; trans. New York, 1969); D. Joravsky,
The Lysenko Affair
(Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
3
. See J. S. Huxley,
Soviet Genetics and World Science
(London, 1949).

GENOCIDE 1
. G. J. Libaridian,
A Crime of Silence: the Armenian Genocide
(London, 1985); D. M. Lang,
The Armenians: a people in exile
(London, 1981); C. J. Walker,
Armenia: survival of a nation
(London, 1990); S. L. Sonyel,
The Ottoman Armenians, victims of great power diplomacy
(London, 1987); R. Hovannisian (ed.),
The Armenian Genocide: history, politics, and ethics
(London, 1991); R. Melson,
Revolution and Genocide: on the origin of the Armenian genocide and of the Holocaust
(London, 1992).
2
. From the notes of Admiral Canaris, 22 August 1939, quoted by L. P. Lochner,
What about Germany?
(New York, 1942), 2. The passage is sometimes misquoted as if it referred to the Final Solution. With acknowledgement to Dr Mark Levene.
3
. R. Lemkin,
Axis Rule in Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress
(New York, 1944). See also ‘Genocide’,
Encyclopaedia Judaica
(Jerusalem, 1971), vol. 7, 410.

GENUG 1
. After G. Brandreth,
Famous Last Words and Tombstone Humor
(New York, 1989).

GESANG 1
. Martin Luther, ‘Ein’ feste Burg ist unser Gott’, in
Der ewige Brunnen: ein Handbuch deutscher Dichtung
(Munich, 1979), 971; see also F. Blume,
Protestant Church Music: a history
(London, 1975).
2
. Translated by Thomas Carlyle,
The English Hymnal with Tunes
(Oxford, 1933), no. 362.
3
. Thrasybilos Georgiades, ‘The German Language and Music’, in
Music and Language: The Rise of Western Music as Exemplified in Settings of the Mass
(Cambridge, 1982), 49–58.
4
. ‘Tallis’s Canon’, a shortened form of the melody by Thomas Tallis (1505–85) from T. Ravenscroft’s
Psalter
(1621), words by Thomas Ken
(1637–1710). See M. Baughen (ed.),
Hymns for Today’s Church
(London, 1982), no. 274. See also E. H. Fellowes,
English Cathedral Music
(London, 5th edn., 1969).

ĠGANTIJA 1
. J. D. Evans,
Prehistoric Antiquities of the Maltese Islands
(London, 1971).
2
. B. Blouet,
The Story of Malta
, 3rd edn. (London, 1981).

GHETTO 1
. ‘Ghetto’, in
Encyclopaedia Judaica
(Jerusalem, 1970), vii. 542–6.
2
. Gershon Hundert,
Jews in a Polish Private Town: The Case of Eighteenth Century Opatów
(Baltimore, 1992).

GONCALVEZ 1
. B. Davidson,
Black Mother
(Boston, 1961); rev. edn.
The African Slave Trade
(Boston, 1980), 53–4.
2
. Ibid. 55.
3
. Ibid. 67–9, 101–3.
4
. Ibid. 163.
5
. ‘How Many?’, ibid. 95–101.

GOOSE STEP 1
. SeeP. J. Haythornthwaite,
Frederick the Great’s Army
(London, 1991); also Gordon Craig,
The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945
(Oxford, 1955).

GOTHA 1
. E. Scheeben,
Ernst II: Herzog von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha
(Frankfurt, 1987); J. Van der Kirstie,
Dearest Affie: Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, 1840–1900
(Gloucester, 1984).
2
. R. R. James,
Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography
(London, 1985); S. Weintraub,
Victoria: A Biography of a Queen
(London, 1988); T. Aranson,
Heart of a Queen: Queen Victoria’s Romantic Attachments
(London, 1991).
3
. A. S. Gould Lee,
The Royal House of Greece
(London, 1948).
4
. Brian Connell,
Manifest Destiny: A Study in Five Profiles of…
the Mountbatten Family
(London, 1953); M. Kerr,
Admiral Louis ofBattenberg
(London, 1934); R. Hough,
Louis and Victoria
(London, 1974).
5
.
Polski Słownik Biograficzny
(Wroclaw, 1960–1), ix, ‘Hauke’.
6
. Anthony, Lord Lambton,
The Mountbattens
(London, 1989).
7
. Richard Tomlinson, ‘Trying to be Useful’, the
Independent on Sunday
, 19 June 1994; extracts from
Divine Right: The Inglorious Survival of British Royalty
(London, 1994).

GOTHIC 1
. J. Ruskin,
The Nature of Gothic
(1892; repr. Portland, Oreg., 1975), 5.
2
. See A. Saint, ‘Building in the Holy Town’,
TLS
, 9–15 Mar. 1990, a review of A. Erlande-Brandenburg,
La Cathédrale
(Paris) and R. Recht (ed.),
Les Bâtisseurs des cathédrales goth-iques
(Strasburg, 1989).

GOTTHARD 1
. Ian Robertson,
Switzerland
, Blue Guide (London, 1989), 230, 304–5.
2
. Suvorov monument. Personal visit.

GRECO 1
. David Holton (ed.),
Literature and Society in Renaissance Crete
(Cambridge, 1991); A. Embiricos,
La Renaissance Crétoise
, 2 vols. (Paris, 1960–7).
2
. C. T. Dimaras,
A History of Modern Greek Literature
(London, 1972).

GRILLENSTEIN 1
. R. Sieder and M. Mitterauer, ‘The Reconstruction of the Family Life Course: Theoretical Problems and Empirical Results’, in R. Wall
et al
. (eds.),
Family Forms in Historic Europe
(Cambridge, 1983), 309–45.

GROSSENMEER 1
. Peter Laslett, ‘Family and Household as Work Group and Kin Group: Areas of Traditional Europe Compared’, in R. Wall
et al
. (eds.),
Family Forms in Historic Europe
(Cambridge, 1983), 513–63.
2
. Peter Laslett, ‘Introduction: The History of the Family’, in Laslett and Richard Wall (eds.),
Household and Family in Past Times: Comparative Studies in Size and Structure of the Domestic Group over the Last Three Centuries
(Cambridge, 1972).
3
. J. Valynseele,
La Généalogie: histoire et pratique
(Paris, 1991). See also Genealogical Society of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,
Finding Aids to the Microfilmed Manuscript Collection …
(Salt Lake City, 1978–83).

GROTE MARKT 1
. Jacques Darras, 1989 Reith Lectures, 1, ‘The Time Traveller’, from
Beyond the Tunnel of History
(BBC Radio 4),
Listener
, 23 Nov. 1989.
2
. Reith Lectures, 2, ‘The Golden Fleece’,
Listener
, 30 Nov. 1989.

GUERRILLA 1
. Robert Moss,
Urban Guerrillas: the new face of political terrorism
(London, 1972).
2
. A. Racineux, ‘Les Chouans: une armée de l’ombre’,
Historama
, no. 89, July 1989,12–19.

GUILLOTIN 1
. After Martin Manser,
Dictionary of Eponyms
(London, 1988), 120.

HANSA 1
. T. Lindner,
Die deutsche Hanse: ihre Geschichte
, 4th edn. (Leipzig, 1911); Hugo Yrwing,
Visby: hansestad pae Gotland
(Stockholm, 1986).
2
. Fritz Grotemeyer, ‘Warenzug hansischer Kaufleute’ (1942), in
Die Hanse: Lebenswirklichkeit und Mythos, Ausstellungskatalog des Museums für Hamburgische Geschichte
, Bd 2 (Hamburg, 1989), 623; also Carsten Prange,
Auf zur Reise durch Hamburgs Geschichte
—
A Journey through Hamburg’s History
(Hamburg, 1990).

HARVEST 1
. Robert Conquest,
The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror Famine
(London, 1986), 3.
2
. Ibid. ch. 16, ‘The Death Roll’.
3
. Vasily Grossman,
Forever Flowing
(New York, 1972), quoted by Conquest,
The Harvest of Sorrow
, 286.
4
. S. J. Taylor,
Stalin’s Apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times’ Man in Moscow
(Oxford, 1990).
5
. Conquest,
The Harvest of Sorrow
, ch. 17, ‘The Record of the West’.
6
. Ibid.‘Preface’, 1.

HATRED 1
. G. Bell,
Archbishop Davidson
(London, 1935), ii. 756–70.
2
. K. Slack,
George Bell, 1883–1958
(London, 1972).
3
. In G. Bell,
The Church and Humanity
(London, 1946), ch. 22, ‘God Above Nation’, 201–10.
4
. Ibid. 22–31.
5
. Ibid. ch. 14, ‘Obliteration Bombing’. See also M. Czesany,
Allierten Bombenterror: der Luftkrieg gegen die Zivilbevőlkerung Europas, 1940–5
(Leoni, 1987).
6
. D. Bonhoffer,
Letters and Papers from Prison
, E. Bethge, ed. (New York, 1967), quoted by Slack,
George Bell
, 97.
7
. Bell,
The Church and Humanity
, ch. 19, ‘Christianity and the European Heritage’, 177–82.

HEJNAł 1
. With thanks to Professor Jacek Wożniakowski, art historian and, in 1991, Lord Mayor of Cracow.
2
. Gaspard de Marval,
Le Guet de la cathédrale
, Postface by Oliver Freeman (Chapelle-sur-Moudon, 1992).

HEPTANESOS 1
. W. H. Zawadzki,
Man of Honour: A. Czartoryski, Statesman of Russia and Poland
(Oxford, 1993).
2
. ‘Great Britain and the Ionian Islands, 1848–51: A Case of Bad Publicity’,
European History Quarterly
, 17(2) (1987), 131–44.

HERMANN 1
. See George Mosse,
The Nationalisation of the Masses: political symbolism and mass movements in Germany
(Ithaca, 1991).
2
. Professor Rees Davies of Aberystwyth writes: ‘The story and the monument [of Beddgelert] belong to the 1790s… The “inventor” was an immigrant into the area, David Pritchard—no doubt wanting to attract more visitors to this part of Wild Wales. He was, I think, the local publican. It was a typical, Romantic, Ossian, Iolo Morganwg sort of story…’; private letter, 16 May 1994.

HEXEN
1
. Hugh Trevor-Roper,
The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century
(London, 1990), 84.
2
. Ibid.
3
.
Księgi Miejskie Kaliskie
(1612), quoted by B. Baranowski,
Procesy czarownic w Polsce XXVII i XVIII wiekach
(Łódź, 1952). Recent estimates put the total number of victims at c.50,000.

HOLISM 1
.
Das Buch von der Gebürung
(c.1520), 3.3; in
Paracelsus: Essential Readings
, sel. and trans. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke (Wellingborough, 1990), 59.

HOSSBACH 1
. ‘The Hossbach Memorandum’, in
Documents on German Foreign Policy 1916–45
(London, 1949), ser. D, i. 29–30.
2
. A. J. P. Taylor,
The Origins of the Second World War
(London, 1963), 168–72.
3
. T. W. Mason, in E. M. Robertson (ed.),
The Origins of the Second World War
(London, 1971), 114. See also F. H. Hinsley,
Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations Between States
(Cambridge, 1963), esp. 328–34.