Europe: A History (245 page)

BRITO 1
. Bede,
History of the English Church and People
, i. 10.
2
. See B. R. Rees,
Pelagius: A Reluctant Heretic
(Woodbridge, 1988); St Prosper of Aquitaine,
The Call of All Nations
(Westminster, Md., 1952).

BUCZACZ 1
. Wincenty Urban,
Droga krzyiowa Archidiecezji Lwowskiej, 1939–45
(The Way of the Cross of the Archdiocese of Lwów) (Wroclaw, 1983), 52–5.
2
. The figure of 60–80,000 is given by Jan T. Gross,
Polish Society Under German Occupation
(Princeton,
NJ, 1979). The Polish (Communist) Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation suggested a figure of 300–400,000. See M. Terles,
Ethnic Cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galiáa
(Toronto, 1993), 32, 36. The alleged admission of President Krawchuk of Ukraine that ‘Ukrainian chauvinists murdered around one half million Poles in the Eastern Borderlands’ (ibid. 70) has not been substantiated, and appears to derive from a forgery.
3
. Ryszard Torzecki,
Polacy i Ukraińcy: Sprawa ukraińska w czasie II Wojny Swiatowej na terenie II Rzeczypospolity
(Warsaw, 1993), esp. ch. 6, ‘Wojenna tragedia’, also Wiktor Poliszczuk,
Gorzka prawda: zbrodniczoáé OUN-UPA
(unpublished typescript, Toronto, 1993).
4
. Terles,
Ethnic Cleansing
, 16–17.
5
. Z. Zieliński (ed.),
Życie religijne w Polsce pod okupacją, 1939–45
(Katowice, 1992), 500.
6
. See Norman Davies, ‘Neither Twenty Million, Nor Russians, Nor War Dead’, the
Independent
, 29 Dec. 1987.
7
. Martin Gilbert,
Atlas of the Holocaust
(London, 1982), 82.
8
. ‘In Lieu of a Self-Portrait’, in Simon Wiesenthal,
Justice Not Revenge
(London, 1989); also Alan Levy,
The Wiesenthal File
(London, 1993).

BUDA
1
. Martyn Rady,
Mediaeval Buda: a study of municipal Government and Jurisdiction
(Boulder, 1985).
2
. Henry Bogdan,
Histoire de Hongrie
(Paris, 1966), 14.
3
. Lovag Zsuzsa,
The Hungarian Crown and other regalia
(Hungarian National Museum), Budapest, 1986.
4
. ‘Inamissible. Now rare, 1649– . Not liable to be lost.’
SOED
.

CI4 1
. H. Y. Göksu
et al
(eds.),
Scientific Dating Methods
(Luxembourg, 1991): also S. Bowman,
Radiocarbon Dating
(London, 1990).
2
. A. Gob,
Chronologie du mésolithique en Europe
(Liège, 1990), nos. 0217, 2279, and 1816.
3
. L. Picknett, C. Prince,
The Turin Shroud: the shocking truth revealed
(London, 1994); R. Hoare,
The Turin Shroud is genuine: the irrefutable evidence
(London, 1994).

CABALA 1
. See Bernhard Pick,
The Cabala: Its Influence on Judaism and Christianity
(La Salle, Ill., 1913).

CADMUS 1
. See M. Bernal,
Cadmean Letters: The Transmission of the Alphabet to the Aegean Before 1400 BC
(Winona Lake, Minn., 1990).

CANTATA 1
. W. G. Whittaker,
The Cantatas ofj. S. Bach
(Oxford, 1959), 659–74.
2
. Norman Davies,
God’s Playground
, op. cit. ii. 505–7.

CANTUS 1
. Russian notation, 12th–13th centuries; from Armand Machabey,
La Notation musicale
(Paris, 1952).
2
.
Ut queant laxis
from the Gregorian
Liber Usualis
and in modern transcription. See Alec Harman,
Mediaeval and Early Renaissance Music
(Man and His Music, pt. 1) (London, 1988), 3 and pl. iii.
3
. See Deryck Cooke,
The Language of Music
(Oxford, 1959; paperback 1985).
4
. J. Gayard,
La Méthode de Solesmes
(Paris, 1951).

CAP-AG 1
. R. Brenner, ‘Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-industrial Europe’,
Past and Present
, 70 (1976), 30–75.
2
.
Past and Present
, 78, 79, 85, 97 (1975–81)-
3
. Immanuel Wallerstein,
The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy
(New York, 1974). With special acknowledgement to Martyn Rady, ‘Core and Periphery: Eastern Europe’, a paper presented at the Mid-West Slavic Conference (c.1992).
4
. Wallerstein,
The Modern World-System
, 99.
5
. R. Brenner, ‘The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism’,
New Left Review
, 104 (1977), 25–92. See also R. A. Denemark and K. P. Thomas, ‘The Brenner-Wallerstein Debate’,
International Studies Quarterly
, 32 (1988), 47–65.

CARITAS 1
.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, 11th edn. (1912), vol. xiii, 593–4. under ‘Drente’.
2
. Ibid. vol. v, 876, under ‘Charity and Charities’.
3
. See R. M. Clay,
The Mediaeval Hospitals of England
(London, 1909).
4
. Michel Foucault,
Historie de la folie
(1961),
Histoire de la Sexualité
(1976),
Surveiller et punir
(1975), trans, as
Discipline and Punish: the birth of the prison
(Harmondsworth, 1991).
5
. Foucault,
Discipline and Punish, passim
.

CATACOMBI 1
. See J. Stevenson,
The Catacombs: Rediscovered Monuments of Early Christianity
(London, 1978).

CAUCASIA 1
. J. F. Blumenbach,
Collectionis suae cranorum diversarum gentium…
(Göttingen, 1798–1828).
2
. Revd E. Cobham Brewer,
The Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
(1870; repr. New York, 1978), 229.
3
. L. Poliakov,
The Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe
(New York, 1974), esp. 233 ff.; J. Boissel,
Gobineau: Un Don Quichotte tragique
(Paris, 1981).
4
. See Madison Grant,
The Passing of the Great Race
(New York, 1916).
5
. For the most recent, popular, and brilliant survey of the subject, see Steve Jones,
The Language of the Genes: Biology, History, and the Evolutionary Future
(London, 1994).
6
. See Ashley Montague,
Statement on Race: An Annotated Elaboration of… the Statements on Race Issued by UNESCO
(New York, 1972).

CEDROS 1
. Russell Meiggs,
Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World
(Oxford, 1982).

CHASSE 1
. Gaston Phoebus, repr. as
The Hunting Book
(Geneva, 1978). See
Musée International de la Chasse: Château de Gien, Summary of the Collection
(Gien, Loiret, n.d.).
2
. Marcin Kromer,
Pobnia
(1577), quoted by Norman Davies,
God’s Playground
(Oxford, 1981), i. 249.
3
. See Raymond Carr,
English Fox-Hunting: A History
(London, 1986).

CHASTITY 1
. Rom. 7: 22–4; 8: 6.
2
. 1 Cor. 7: 9.
3
. Peter Brown,
The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity
(New York, 1988), 446–7.

CHERNOBYL 1
.
Siownik geograficzny Królewstwo Polskiego i innych krajów sbwiańskich
(A Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland and of Other Slavonic Countries), ed. F. Sulimierski, B. Chłebowski, W. Walewski (Warsaw, 1880), ‘Czarnobyl’, i- 750–4.
2
.
The Great Soviet Encyclopaedia
, 3rd edn. (Moscow, 1978), vol. xxix, ‘Chernobyl’.
3
. Rev. 8:10,11.

CHERSONESOS 1
. See M. Rostovtzeff,
Iranians and Greeks in South Russia
(Oxford, 1922).
2
. D. Obolensky, ‘Crimea and the North before 1204’,
Archeoin Pontou
35 (1978), 123–33.
3
. G. A. Koshalenko
et aL, Antichnye Gosudarstva Severnogo Prichernomor’ya
(Moscow, 1984); Alexander L. Mongait,
Archaeology in the USSR
(Moscow, 1955, London, 1961), chapter 6, ‘Classical Cities on the North Coast of the Black Sea.’
4
. Neal Ascherson,
Black Sea
(London, 1995), 12–48.
5
. R. Conquest,
The Nation Killers: the Soviet Deportation of Nationalities
, London, 1970).

CHOUAN 1
. E. Le Roy Ladurie, ‘The “Event” and the “Long Term” in Social History: The Case of the Chouan Uprising’ (a review of P. Bois,
Paysans de l’ouest
(Paris, 1972), in
The Territory of the Historian
(Chicago, 1979), 111–32.

CODPIECE 1
. Lois Banner, ‘The Fashionable Sex, 1100–1600’,
History Today
, 42(4) (1992)
2
. A. Junke and E. Stille,
Zur Geschichte der Unterwaesche, 1700–1960
(Illustrated Catalogue to an Exhibition at the Historical Museum) (Frankfurt a.M., 1988).

COMBRAY 1
. From ‘Itinéraire proustien,’ in Syndicat d’Initiative,
Illiers-Combray
(Illiers-Combray, 1989). See R. Hayman,
Proust: a biography
(London, 1990); L. Hodgson (ed.),
Marcel Proust the critical heritage
(London, 1989); Sheila Stern,
Swann’s Way
(Cambridge, 1989).

COMENIUS 1
.
Comenius, 1592–1670: European Reformer and Czech Patriot
(Catalogue to an Exhibition at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1992), notes by R. J. W. Evans. See also M. Spinka,
The Incomparable Moravian
(Chicago, 1943).
2
. T. G. Masaryk,
Svetová revoluce, za války i ve válce, 1914–18
(Prague, 1925); trans, as
The Making of a State: Memories and Observations, 1914–18
(New York, 1969).
3
. From J. A. Comenius,
The Great Didactic
, 2nd edn. (London, 1910), 66–9: see also J. E. Sadler,
J. A. Comenius and the Concept of Universal Education
(London, 1966).

COMPOSTELA 1
. See B. Tate,
Guià del Camino de Santiago
(Santiago); W. Starkie,
The Road to Santiago: pilgrims of St James
(London, 1957); H. Davies,
Holy days and holidays: the mediaeval pilgrimage to Compostela
(Lewisburg, PA, 1982); also James Bentley,
The Way of St James: a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela
(London, 1992).

COMPUTATIO 1
. See J. B. Geisbeek,
Ancient Double-Entry Book-Keeping: Lucas Pacioli’s Treatise
(Denver, 1914; repr. Osaka, 1975); also R. G. Brown and K. S. Johnston,
Padoli on Accounting
(New York, 1963).
2
. See P. L. McMickle and R. G. Vanger-meersch,
The Origins of a Great Profession: Catalogue to an Exhibition of Rare Accounting Books and Manuscripts from the Montgomery Collection
(Memphis, 1987).
3
. M. F. Bywater and B. Yamey,
Historic Accounting Literature: A Companion Guide
(London, 1982).

CONCLAVE 1
. J. N. D. Kelly,
The Oxford Dictionary of Popes
(Oxford, 1988), 327.

CONDOM
1
. Aetius, quoted by M. K. Hopkins, ‘Contraception in the Roman Empire’,
Comparative Studies in History and Society
, 8 (1965–6), 124–51.
2
. P. Ariès, ‘Sur les origines de la contraception en France’,
Population
, 3 (1953); see P. P. A. Biller, ‘Birth Control in the West in the 13th and 14th Centuries’,
Past and Present
, 94 (1982), 3–26.
3
. See J. T. Noonan,
Contraception: A History of Its Treatment by Catholic Theologians and Casuists
(Cambridge, Mass., 1966).
4
. Deposition of Beatrice de Planissoles, quoted by E. Le Roy Ladurie,
Montaillou
(London, 1980), 172–3.
5
. See A. McLaren,
Birth-Control in Nineteenth Century Britain
(London, 1978).
6
. A. Nikiforuk,
The Fourth Horseman
(London, 1991), chapter 6.
7
. Christina Hardyment, ‘Marie Stopes and Germaine Greer…’, paper read at the Alistair Home Fellowship Symposium, St Antony’s College, Oxford, June 1993.
8
. Ibid.

CONSPIRO
1
. S. Hutin,
Les Sociétés secrétes
, 11th edn. (Paris, 1993). See also G. Falzone,
La Storia de la Mafia
(1973), translated as
Histoire de la Mafia
(Paris, 1973); R. Catanzaro,
Men of Respect: a social history of the Sicilian Mafia
(New York, 1992).

CORSICA
1
. Dorothy Carrington,
Napoleon and His Parents: On the Threshold of History
(London, 1988);
Granite Island: A Portrait of Corsica
(London, 1962); also P. Arrighi,
Histoire de la Corse
(Paris, 1947); R. Ramsay,
The Corsican Time-Bomb
(Manchester, NH, 1983).

CORVINA 1
. C. Csapodi and K. Csapodi-Gárdonyi,
Biblioteca Corviniana 1490–1990
(catalogue of the exhibition) (Budapest, 1990); reviewed by H. R. Trevor-Roper, ‘Reunion in Budapest’,
New York Review of Books
, 19 July 1990.

COWARD 1
. ‘Campaign to Pardon Troops Hits Setback’, The
Independent
, 16 Aug. 1993. See also J. Putkowski and J. Sykes,
Shot at Dawn
(London, 1989).
2
. ‘Deserters’, in
Oxford Companion to the Second World War
(Oxford, 1995).

CRAVAT E 1
.
Oxford English Dictionary
Compact Edition (1970), i. 1144.
2
. É. Littré,
Dictionnaire de la langue française
(Paris, 1966), ii. 1094.
3
. The
Independent
, 3 July 1991.
4
.
Louis XIV
,
16. Littré
,
Dictionnaire
.
5
. R. Filipovic,
Englesko-Hrvatski Hi Srpski
Rjecnik
, 8th edn. (Zagreb, 1977); M. Benson,
An English–Serbocroatian Dictionary
(Cambridge, 1990). Filipovic favours
kravata
, Benson
masna
.

CRUX 1
. A. Frutiger,
DerMensch undSeineZeichen
(Dreieich, 1989), trans, as
Signs and Symbols: Their Design and Meaning
(London, 1989), 276–7.
2
. Frutiger, op. cit, pp. 276–7.
3
. ‘Tamgas and Tribal Signs’ in W. Leaf, S. Purcell,
Heraldic Symbols: Islamic Insignia and Western Heraldry
(London, 1986), 76–82.
4
. Tadeusz Sulimirski,
The Sarmatians
(London, 1970), discussed by Ascherson,
Black Sea
, op. cit. 230–43.
5
. WładystawT. Bartoszewski,
The Convent at Auschwitz
(Bowerdean Press, London, 1990).