Europe: A History (244 page)

ALCOFRIBAS 1
. Lucien Febvre (1942), trans, as
The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais
(Cambridge, Mass., 1982).
2
. M. Bakhtin,
Rabelais and His World
(Cambridge, Mass., 1968).

ALPI
1
. L. Pauli,
The Alps: Archaeology and Early History
(London, 1980).
2
. R. Blanchard,
Les Alpes et leur destin
(Paris, 1958); also P. P. Viazzo,
Upland Communities: Environment, Population and Social Structure in the Alps since the Sixteenth Century
(Cambridge, 1989).

ALT MARKT 1
.
Jewish Encyclopedia
(New York, 1903), iv. 658 and references.
2
. Arthur Harris,
Bomber Offensive
(London, 1947); D. Saward,
Bomber Harris: the story of Marshal of the Royal Air Force, Sir Arthur Harris
(London, 1984).
3
. See D. Irving,
The Destruction of Dresden
, rev. edn. (London, 1971); also Gordon Musgrove,
Operation Gomorrah: the Hamburg Firestorm Raids
(London, 1981).
4
. Ibid. 195 ff.
5
. Ibid. 218–26.
6
. Norbert Burger, Lord Mayor of Cologne, ‘The Memorial for Sir Arthur Harris: A Summary’; also ‘Bomber Harris: A Tactless Choice’,
Financial Times
, 2–3 May 1992.
7
.
Suddeutsche Zeitung
, 23 November 1994, as reported in the
Daily Telegraph
, 24 November 1994.

ANGELUS 1
. Commemorative tablet in the nave of Saint-Pierre, Saintes (Charente Inférieure).

ANNALES 1
.
Annales d’Histoire Êconomique et Sociale
, revue trimestrielle, tome premier, année 1929, No. 1 (Paris, 1929).
2
. See P. Burke,
The French Historical Revolution and the ‘Annales’ School
(Cambridge, 1990).
3
. M. Aymar, ‘L’Évolution de l’historiogra-phie braudélienne’, Lecture, 15 Nov. 1990, Maison Française, Oxford.
4
.
Annales
, 1 (1), 1–2.

ANNO DOMINI 1
. ‘Dionysius Exiguus’, in
Encyclopaedia Britannica
, nth edn. (1910–11), vii. 285.
2
. ‘Calendar’, ibid. iv. 987–1004.
3
. S. V. Utechin,
Everyman’s
Concise Encyclopaedia of Russia
(London, 1961), 85.

APOCALYPSE 1
. Rev. 21:4–6.

AQUILA 1
. J. E. Cirlot,
Diccionario de símbolos tradicionales
, trans. as
A Dictionary
of Symbols
, 2nd edn. (London, 1971), 91–3.
2
. Adrian Frutiger, Signs
and Symbols: Their Design and Meaning
(London, 1989), 247.
3
. W. Leaf and S. Purcell,
Heraldic Symbols:
Islamic Insignia and Western Heraldry
(London, 1986), 70–1.

AQUINCUM
1
. T. Cornell and J. Matthews,
Atlas of the Roman World
(Oxford, 1982), 143.
2
. Klara Poczy,
Aquincum Polgarvarosa
(Budapest, n.d.).

ARCHIMEDES 1
. See Heinrich Dorrie,
Triumph der Mathematik
(Wurzburg, 1965), trans, as
100 Great Problems of Elementary Mathematics: Their History and Solution
(New York, 1965), nos. 1, 38, 56; also T. L. Heath, ‘Mathematics and Astronomy’, in G. Murray (ed.),
The Legacy of Greece
(Oxford, 1921), 122–5; also E. J. Dijksterhuis,
Archimedes
(Copenhagen, 1956).

ARICIA 1
. James G. Frazer,
The Golden Bough: the Roots of Religion and Folklore
(First Edition), 2 vols. (London, 1890), i. 6.
2
. Ibid. i. 210.
3
. Ibid. i. 211–12.
4
. Ibid, ii. 370.
5
. Ibid. ii. 370.
6
. Ibid. ii. 370–1.

ATHLETES
1
. See M. I. Finley and H. W. Pleket,
The Olympic Games: The First
Thousand Years
(London, 1976).
2
. See H. A. Harris,
Greek Athletes and Athletics
(London, 1964).
3
. Pindar, Nemean 6.1–7. Trans. C. M. Bowra. ‘Men and Gods’, ode in the honour of Alcimidas of Aegina, winner in the boys’ wrestling at the Nemean Games; in
Greek Literature: An Anthology
, chosen by Michael Grant (London, 1977), 104.
4
. 2 Tim. 4: 7.
5
. A. Krawczuk,
Ostatnia Olimpiada
[The Last Olympiad], (Wroclaw, 1976); R. D. Mandell,
The first modern Olympics
(Berkeley, 1976).

ATHOS 1
. Sotiris Kadas,
Mount Athos: An Illustrated Guide to the Monasteries and
their History
(Athens, 1979). See also P. Sherrard,
Athos: The Mountain of Silence
(Toronto, 1970).
2
. Father Máximos,
Human Rights on Mount Athos: An Appeal to the Civilised
World
(Welshpool, 1990).
3
. Richard North, ‘Doctrinal Divisions among the Monks of Athos’, the
Independent
, 17 July 1990.

AUC 1
. J. J. Bond, ‘The Roman Calendar’, in
A Handy-book of Rules and Tables for verifying dates with the Christian Era
… (London, 1869), 1–6,195–6 (repr. Llanerch, 1991).

AUSCHWITZ 1
. US Defense Intelligence Agency, Strategic Bombing Survey. Record Group 373: Mission 60 PRS/462, Can D1508, exposure 3055, to Can D1510, exposure 5020. Quoted by Martin Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
(London, 1981), 216,249.
2
. Ibid, fig. 28, and pp. 331–2.
3
. See Jan Karski,
The Story of a Secret State
(London, 1944); also D. S. Wyman,
The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–45
(New York, 1984).
4
. Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
, ch. 21. Witold Pilecki, who had escaped from Auschwitz I in 1942, had no direct knowledge of Auschwitz II-Birkenau. (See Chapter XI, n. 95.) The five Jewish escapees of 1944 raised the alarm after making their way to Slovakia.
5
. Ibid, and 312.
6
. See D. A. Brugioni and R. G. Poirer,
The Holocaust
Revisited: A Retrospective of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex
(Washington, 1979)- Reference from Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
, 249 n.
7
. Gilbert,
Auschwitz and the Allies
, 337.
8
. See Ch. XI, note 29. Given a total of c.6 million Jews killed overall, including c.2 million on Soviet territory and
c.2
million in other Nazi ghettos and camps in
occupied Poland, it is impossible to reach the figure of 4 million for Auschwitz alone. Testimony supplied to the Nuremberg Tribunal by the former commandant of Auschwitz, Hoess, suggested a total of 2.5 million deaths in the camp.
9
. In 1970 Dr Józef Garliński, a former inmate, made a calculated estimate of 2 million deaths in the camp. (See Chapter XI, n. 95.) In 1983 another former prisoner, the French researcher G. Wellers, reached a figure of 1,471,595. Dr Franciszek Piper’s figures, as prepared for the State Museum at Oswiecim, were published in the
New York Times
. F. Piper,
Ilu ludzi zginelo w KL Auschwitz? Liczba ojiar w świetle żródel i badań, 1945–90
(Oświęcim, 1992).

BALLETTO 1
. Iain Fenlon, ‘The origins of the seventeenth century staged bailo’, in I. Fenlon, T. Carter (eds.),
Studies in Italian Opera, Song, and Dance, 1580–1740
(Oxford, 1995); A. Bland,
A History of Ballet and Dance in the Western World
(London, 1976); A. Haskell,
Ballet Russe: the age of Diaghilev
(London, 1968).

BAMBINI 1
. M. Pollard,
Maria Montessori
(Watford, 1990), 35. See also Rita Kramer,
Maria Montessori
(Oxford, 1978), and James Bowen,
A History of Western Education
, iii:
The Modern West
(London, 1981), 394–402.
2
. On the tradition of progressive education see
Friedrich Froebel: a selection of his writings
(Cambridge, 1967); G. L. Gutek,
Pestalozzi and Education
(New York, 1968); J. Piaget,
Science of Education and the Psychology of the Child
, trans. D. Coltman (New York, 1971).

BARBAROS 1
. Edith Hall,
Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-definition through Tragedy
(Oxford, 1989).
2
. Neal Ascherson,
Black Sea
(London & New York, 1995), 49.

BARD 1
.
King Henry IV
, Part 2, iv. iii;
The Taming of the Shrew
, II. i. See F. G. Stokes,
Who’s Who in Shakespeare
(London, 1924), 124.

BASERRIA 1
. W. A. Douglass, ‘The Basque Stem-Family Household: Myth or Reality?’,
Journal of Family History
, 13 (1) (1989), 75–89.

BATAVIA 1
. S. Schama,
The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age
(Fontana, London, 1987), 15–24, ‘The Mystery of the Drowning Cell’.
2
. Ibid. 6.
3
. Ibid. 289.

BATT-101 1
. Christopher Browning,
Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland
(New York, 1993); quoted by Alan Bullock, ‘The Evil Dream’,
TLS
, 5 Feb. 1993,3.
2
. C. Perechodnik,
Czyjajestem mordercp?
(Warsaw, 1993), ed. with notes and commentaries by Pawel Szapiro. See Leszek Kotakowski, ‘International Books of the Year’,
TLS
, 3 Dec. 1993.
3
. John Sack,
An Eye for an Eye: The Untold Story of Jewish Revenge Against Germans in 1945
(New York, 1993), endorsed by Anthony Polonsky, Professor of East European Jewish History, Brandeis University. Similar testimony was provided by Jakub Berman, head of Poland’s post-war communist Security Office (UB), interviewed in 1981. See T. Torańska,
Oni: Stalin’s Polish Puppets
(London, 1983).

BAUME 1
.
GuideMichelin:Jura, Franche-Comté (paris, 1990)
, 56–7.
2
. RenéLocatelli, Pierre Gresser
et al, L’Abbaye de Baume-les-Messieurs
(Dole, 1978), 24–31.
3
. Ibid. 234.

BENZ 1
.
Deutsches Museum von Meisterwerken der Naturwissenschaft und Technik: Guide Through the Collections
(Munich, 1988), 92–3.
2
. D. Cardwell,
The Fontana History of Technology
(London, 1994).

BERNADETTE 1
. With special acknowledgement to R. Harris, ‘Evidence and Devil’s Evidence’, seminar paper, University of Oxford Faculty of History, 24 May 1993. See also R. Laurentin,
Lourdes: dossiers des documents authentiques
(Paris, 1957); F. Duhoureau,
Saint Bernadette of Lourdes: a saint of the Golden Legend
(London, 1934).
2
. Eugene Weber,
Peasants into Frenchmen, the modernization of rural France, 1870–1914
(London, 1977).
3
. Harris, ‘Evidence and Devil’s Evidence’,
passim
.

BIBLIA 1
. Compiled from entries under ‘Bible’, ‘Codex’, ‘Ulfilas’, etc. in
New Catholic Encyclopedia
(Washington, DC, 1967),
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
, ed. F. L. Cross (Oxford, 1957), and E. A. Livingstone, ed.,
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
(Oxford, 1977).

BLACK ATHENA 1
. Martin Bernal,
Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization
(2 vols., London, 1987–91). See M. Levine, ‘The Challenge of Black Athena’,
Arethusa
(Fall 1989); also Jasper Griffin, in
New York Review of Books
, 15 June 1989.

BLARNEY 1
. For modern Irish history, see Roy F. Foster,
Modern Ireland 1600–1972
(London, 1988).
2
.
Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
: ‘blarney, sb 1819, a cajoling tongue and the art of flattery’, hence v., ‘to use flattering speech’.

B.N.R. 1
. V. Kippel and Z. Kippel (eds.),
Byelorussian Statehood: Reader and Bibliography
(New York, 1988).
2
. Symon Kabysh, ‘Genocide of the Byelorussians’, in
Genocide in the USSR: Studies in Group Destruction
(New York, 1958), 77–88.
[Vorkuta]
3
. As reported by Otto von Habsburg, Charles Stransky Memorial Lecture, London, 20 Sept. 1993.

BOGEY 1
. R. G. L. Waite, ‘Adolf Hitler’s Guilt Feelings’,
Journal oflnterdisáplinary History
, 1 (1970–1), 229–49.
2
. David Irving,
The Secret Diaries of Hitler’s Doctor
(London, 1983).
3
. From the oral tradition, with many variants. Prof. M. R. D. Foot, historian of SOE, confirms that this immortal ditty is of wartime vintage.
4
. L. Bezymenski,
The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from the Soviet Archives
(New York, 1968). (‘Bezymenski’ is probably a Russian pseudonym meaning ‘nameless’.)
5
. Waite, ‘Hitler’s Guilt Feelings’, 236 ff. The subject of the Führer’s allegedly abnormal anatomy may ultimately derive from a secret disinformation campaign launched by SOE in the Arab countries in 1941:
Independent
, 5/6 Sept. 1994.
6
. After ‘Fred Karno’s Army”, from Joan Littlewood,
Oh What a Lovely War!
(Theatre Workshop, London, 1976).

BOGUMIL 1
. See Steven Runciman,
The Mediaeval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy
(Cambridge, 1947; repr. 1984).
2
. Euthymius Zigaberius,
Dogmatic Panoply
, quoted by Runciman, 76.
3
. See V. H. H. Green,
Medieval Civilization in Western Europe
(London, 1971), 179–80.

BOUBOULINA 1
.
The Great Greek Encyclopaedia
, ‘PIRSOS’ (Athens, c.1980), 75.

BOXER 1
. See H. Keown-Boyd,
The Fists of Righteous Harmony: A History of the Boxer Uprising in China
(London, 1991); A. H. Smith,
China in Convulsion
(Edinburgh, 1901).

BRIE 1
. Patrick Ronce,
The French Cheese Book
(London, 1989), 299,340.
2
. Hugh Johnson,
World Atlas of Wine
(London, 1971), 60–1. Cortón or ‘Curtis Ottonis’ received its modern name after the later Emperor, Otto I;
The Great Book of Wine
(Lausanne, 1970), 65–6.
3
. Ronce, op. cit. 3–7.