Europe: A History (251 page)

SCHOLASTIKOS 1
. From
The Philogelos or Laughter-lover
, trans, by A. Eberhard (Berlin, 1869) and into Polish by J. Łanowski (Wroclaw, 1965).
2
. See S. West, ‘More Very Old Chestnuts’,
Omnibus
, 20 (Sept. 1990).

SHAMAN 1
. Nevill Drury,
The Elements of Shamanism
(Longmead, Dorset, 1989).
2
. Aleksander Nawrocki,
Szamanizm i Wegrzy
(Warsaw, 1988).

SHQIPERIA 1
. S. Pollo, A. Puto,
The History of Albania
(London, 1981); James Pettifor,
Albania
(London, 1994).

SINGULARIS 1
. Montaigne,
Essais
(1580): quoted by Alain Laurent,
Histoire de l’individualisme
(Paris, 1993), 27.
2
. See Colin Morris,
The Discovery of the Individual, 1050–1200
(London, 1972).
3
. Margaret Thatcher; see
Margaret Thatcher in Her Own Words
(Harmondsworth, 1987).
4
. R. Hughes,
The Culture of Complaint: The Fraying of America
(London, 1993); and David Selbourne,
The Principle of Duty: An Essay on the Foundations of Civic Order
(London, 1994).

SLAVKOV 1
. D. Chandler,
Austerlitz 1805: Battle of the Three Emperors
(London, 1990).
2
. Leo Tolstoy,
War and Peace
, trans. Rosemary Edmonds (London, 1957), vol. I, book 1, ch. xiv, p. 317.
3
. John Keegan,
The Face of Battle
(London, 1978).

SLESVIG 1
. Bent Rying,
Denmark: History
(Copenhagen, 1981), ii. 332.
2
. See W. Carr,
Schleswig-Holstein, 1815–48: A Study in National Conflict
(Manchester, 1963);
The Origins of the War of German Unification
(London, 1991).

SMOLENSK 1
. Merle Fainsod,
How Russia Is Ruled: Smolensk under Soviet Rule
(Harvard, Mass., 1953).
2
. J. Arch Getty,
The Origins of the Great Purges: The Soviet Communist Party reconsidered, 1933–38
(Cambridge, 1988), 203.
3
. See Jacek Kurort,
Wiara i wina: do i od komunizmu
(Warsaw, 1990), 324–5. The author, a leading member of the Solidarity movement, was jailed by the communist regime in the 1960s, when he shared a prison cell with a Gestapo officer of wartime vintage.
4
. Norman Davies, ‘The
Misunderstood War’,
New York Review of Books
, 9 June 1994.
5
. Gitta Sereny, ‘Giving Germany Back Its Past’, the
Independent on Sunday
, 15 May 1994.

SOCIALIS 1
. Nils Andrén,
Modern Swedish Government
(Stockholm, 1961).

SONATA 1
. W. Mellers,
The Sonata Principle
(London, 1988), 655; W. S. Newman,
The Sonata in the Classic Era
(New York, 1972).

SOUND 1
. Robert Browning, ‘How They Brought the Good News from Ghent to Aix’,
Collected Works
(London, 1896), i. 250–1.
2
. Brian Rust,
Discography of Historical Records on Cylinders and 78s
(London, 1979), 41. (It is possible that it was preceded by Edison’s recording of W. E. Gladstone on 22 November 1888.)
3
. See
Revolutions in Sound: A Celebration of 100 years of the Gramophone
(British Library exhibition and catalogue, London, 1988).
4
.
Die Klangwelt Mozarts
(exhibition of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, 1991–2).
5
. See Grace Koch,
International Association of Sound Archives (LASA), Directory of Member Archives
, 2nd edn. (Milton Keynes, 1982).
6
. Quoted by Rust,
Discography
, 277.

SOVKINO 1
. N. Zorkaya,
An Illustrated History of Soviet Cinema
(New York, 1991).
2
. Quoted by R. Taylor,
The Politics of the Soviet Cinema, 1917–29
(Cambridge, 1979). 39.

SPASIT’EL 1
. Ryszard Kapuściński, ‘The Temple and the Palace’, in
Imperium
(London, 1994), 95–108.

SPARTACUS 1
. R. Orena,
Rivolta e rivoluzione: il bellum di Spartaco
(Milan, 1984).
2
. W. D. Phillips,
Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade
(Manchester, 1985); C. W. W. Greenidge,
Slavery
(London, 1958).
3
. W. Z. Rubinsohn,
The Spartacus Uprising and Soviet Historical Writing
(Oxford, 1987).

SPICE-OX 1
. Marcel Détienne,
Les Jardins d’Adonis
(Paris, 1972), trans, as
The Gardens of Adonis
(Hassocks, 1972), ch. 4, ‘The Spice Ox’, 37–59.

STATE 1
. See Rein Taagepera, ‘Growth and Decline of Empires since 600
AD’
(unpublished paper, University of California at Irvine).
2
. Norbert Elias,
Uber den Prozess der Zivilisation
(Basle, 1939), ii.
3
. Charles Tilly,
Coercion, Capital and European States,
AD
990–1990
(Oxford, 1990).
4
. Paul Kennedy,
The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict, 1500–2000
(London, 1988).
5
. Richelieu,
Testament politique
, quoted by J. H. Shennan,
The Origins of the Modern European State, 1450–1725
(London, 1974).

STRAD 1
. D. Boyden,
The Hill Collection
(Ashmolean Museum) (Oxford, 1969), No. 18, ‘Le Messie’.
2
. W. E. Hills,
The Salabue Stradivari
(London, 1891).

STRASSBURG 1
. See G. Gardes,
La Marseillaise, ou les paradoxes de la gloire
(Lyons, 1989); F. Robert,
La Marseillaise
(Paris, 1989).

SUND 1
. C. E. Hill,
Danish Sound Dues and Command of the Baltic
(Durham, NC,
1926)
.

SUSANIN 1
. A. Loewenberg,
Annals of Opera, 1597–1940
(London, 1978), 784–6.
2
. S. Sadie (ed.),
The New Grove Dictionary of Opera
(London, 1992), ii. 1261–4.

SYLLABUS 1
. This paraphrase is based on the much larger one in the
New Catholic Encyclopedia
(Washington, DC, 1967), xiii. 854–6.
2
. On Dostoyevsky’s political views, which regarded socialism, anarchism, terrorism, and Roman Catholicism as closely related, see
[INQUISITIO]
.

SYPHILUS 1
. See Claude Quétel,
A History of Syphilis
(Cambridge, 1990).
2
. Quoted by Nikiforuk,
The Fourth Horseman
, op. cit. 91.
3
. L. Baumgartner and J. F. Fulton,
A Bibliography of the Poem ‘Syphilis sive morbus Gallicus’ by Girolamo Fracastro of Verona
(London, 1935) also G. Eatough,
Fracastro’s Syphilis
, (Leeds, 1984).

SYROP 1
. See R. H. Bainton,
The Hunted Heretic: The Life and Death of Michael Servetus
(Boston, 1953).
2
. J. Bossy,
Giordano Bruno and the Embassy Affair
(New Haven, Conn., 1992).

SZLACHTA 1
. Norman Davies, ‘Szlachta: The Nobleman’s Paradise’, in
God’s Playground
(Oxford, 1981), vol. i, ch. 7. See also A. Goodwin (ed.),
The European Nobility in the Eighteenth Century
(London, 1953); also M. J. Bush,
Rich Noble, Poor Noble
(Manchester, 1988).

TABARD 1
. Eric Delderfield,
Inns and Their Signs: Fact and Fiction
(Newton Abbot, 1975); also Dominic Rotheroe,
London Inn Signs
(London, 1990).

TAIZÉ 1
. J. L. Gonzalez Balado,
The Story ofTaizé
, 3rd edn. (London, 1988); Rex Brice,
Brother Roger and his community
(London, 1978).
2
. J. Playfoot (ed.),
Mother Theresa: My life for the poor
(Yarmouth, 1986); E. Egan,
Such a Vision of the Street
(London, 1985); P. Porter,
Mother Theresa: The Early Years
(London, 1986); N. Cahwla,
Mother Theresa
(London, 1992); Sue Shaw,
Mother Theresa
(London, 1993).
3
. See ‘Aid to the Church in Need’,
Mirror
, bi-monthly (Antwerp, 1992– ).

TAMMUZ 1
. M. Lambeth,
Discovering Corn Dollies
(Aylesbury, 1987). See also ‘Demeter and Proserpine’ and ‘Lityerses: The Death of the Corn-spirit’, in James Frazer,
The Golden Bough
(London, 1890), ch. 3, sects. 8,9.
2
. See D. Harris and G. C. Hillman,
Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation
(London, 1988); M. N. Cohen,
The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture
(New Haven, Conn., 1977); P. J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbleby,
The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals
(London, 1969).
3
. J. Percival,
The Wheat Plant
(London, 1921).

TAXIS 1
. See S. MacCormack,
Art and Ceremony in Late Antiquity
(Berkeley, Calif., 1981).
2
. Leipzig Univ. Library 28.
3
. See J. P. Bury, ‘The Ceremonial Book of Constantine Porphyrogennetos’,
EHR
22 (1907), 209–27; also A. Vogt,
Constantin Porphyrogenète: Ie livre des cérémonies
(Paris, 1935–40).
4
. See D. M. Nicol,
‘Kaiseralbung
. The Unction of Emperors in Late Byzantine Ritual’,
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies
, 2 (1976), 37–52.

TEICHOS 1
.
Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
(1991), i. 519–20; see also A. van Millingen,
Byzantine Constantinople: The Walls of the City and Adjoining Historical Sites
(London, 1899).

TEMPUS 1
. E. Bruton,
The History of Clocks and Watches
(London, 1979), 34–5.
2
. See G. J. Whitrow,
Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day
(Oxford, 1989).

TEREM 1
. See Nancy S. Kollmann, ‘The Seclusion of Elite Muscovite Women’,
Russian History
, 10 (1988), 1707–87.
2
. Augustin von Mayerburg,
her in Moscoviam…
(1661), quoted by Lindsey Hughes,
Sophia: Regent of Russia, 1657–1704
(New Haven, Conn., 1990), 17. (Winner of the Heldt Prize for Women’s Studies, 1992.)
3
. Ibid. 264–5. This unflattering description was printed in Foy de la Neuville’s
Relation curieuse et nouvelle de Moscovie
(Paris, 1698), but had been added to the original manuscript, possibly by a hostile editor during Peter’s reign.

THRONOS
1.See A. C. Mandel, ‘The Seated Man: Homo Sedens’, in
Applied Ergonomics
, 12(1) (1981); also published separately (Copenhagen, 1981).

TOLLUND 1
. Seamus Heaney, ‘The Tollund Man’,
New Selected Poems, 1966–87
(London,
1990)
, 31–2.
2
. ‘Iceman of the Alps comes in from the cold …’,
Sunday Times
, 29 Sept. 1991; also F. Spencer,
Piltdown: a scientific forgery
(London, 1990).

TONE 1
. G. Perle,
Twelve-Tone Tonality
(London, 1977); M. Hyde,
Schoenberg’s Twelve-Tone Tonality
(Ann Arbor, Mich., 1982); S. Milstein,
Schoenberg: Notes, Sets, Forms
(Cambridge, 1992).
2
. R. R. Reti,
Tonality, Atonality, Pantonality: A Study of Some Trends in Twentieth Century Music
(London, 1958).
3
. P. Griffiths,
Olivier Messiaen and the Music of Our Time
(London, 1985); B. M. Maciejewski,
H. M. Górecki: His Music and Our Times
(London, 1994).

TOR 1
. See A. Reissner,
Berlin, 1675–1945: The Rise and Fall of a Metropolis
(London, 1984); A. Read, D. Fisher,
Berlin; the biography of a city
(London, 1994).

TORMENTA 1
. Norbert Elias,
History of Manners
, 203–4.
2
. •After Michel Foucault,
Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison
(Paris, 1975), 9–11, quoting contemporary accounts.
3
. C. Phillipson,
Three Criminal Law Reformers: Beccaria, Bentham, Romilly
(London, 1923);
Cesare Beccaria and Modem Criminal Policy
, International Congress, 1988 (Milan, 1990); J. H. Langbein,
Torture and the Law of Proof: Europe and England in the Ancien Regime
(Chicago, 1977).
4
. See G. R. Scott,
A History of Torture
(London, 1994); J. H. Burgess and H. Danelius,
The UN Convention against Torture
(London, 1988).

TOUR 1
. Serge Douay, ‘Tours et Détours du Tour de France’,
Historama
, 89/July 1991, 58–63; see also G. Watson,
The Tour de France and its heroes
(London, 1990); G. Nicholson,
The Rise and Fall of the Tour de France
(London, 1991).
2
.
Independent
, 27 July 1992.

TRISTAN 1
. John Manchip White, ‘Tristan and Isolt’, in P. Quennell (ed.),
Diversions in History
(London, 1954), 138–46.
2
. Gabriel Bise,
Tristan and Isolde: From a Manuscript of ‘The Romance of Tristan’
(15th century) (Fribourg–Geneva, 1978).
3
.
Povest’e Tryschane
(1580), Raczyński Library, Poznań (MS 94): trans. Z. Kipel as
The Byelorussian Tristan
(New York, 1988).
4
. From the
Morte D’Arthur
, quoted by White, ‘Tristan and Isolt’, 146.
5
. G. Phillips and M. Keaman,
King Arthur: The True Story
(London, 1992).
6
. See G. Ashe,
The Quest for Arthur’s Britain
(London, 1968).
7
. Tennyson,
Idylls of the King
, ‘To the Queen’, ll.62–6; in R. W. Hill (ed.),
Tennyson’s Poetry
(New York, 1971), 431.

TSCHERNOWITZ 1
. Michael Ignatieff, ‘The Old Country’,
New York Review of Books
, 15 Feb. 1990, reviewing Gregor von Rezzori,
The Snows of Yesteryear: Portraits for an Autobiography
(New York, 1989).

UKRAINA 1
. Taras Shevchenko,
‘Zapovit’
(Testament, 1845) in
Song out of Darkness
, selected poems translated by Vera Rich (London, 1972), p. 85 (modified). See D. čyževsky,
A History of Ukrainian Literature
(Littleton, Colo., 1975); G. Grabowicz,
Toward a history of Ukrainian literature
(Cambridge, Mass., 1981).
2
. D. Doroshenko,
A Survey of Ukrainian History
(Winnipeg, 2nd edn. 1975); R. Szporluk,
Ukraine, a brief history
(Detroit, 1982); R. Magocsi,
Ukraine: a historical atlas
(Toronto, 1985); O. Subtelny,
Ukraine: a history
(Toronto, 1988).