Europe: A History (255 page)

a
. The evolution of Aegean writing (left to right): hieroglyphic, Linear A, Linear B, sound value.

b
. Stage I: ‘pictographic’ or ‘hieroglyphic’, from c.2000
BC:
a hieroglyphic tablet from Phaistos, Crete.

J. Chadwick,
The Decipherment of Linear B
(Pelican), 1961

c
. Stage II/1: Linear A (undeciphered), from +1750
BC:
tablet from Hagia Triada no. 114

J. Chadwick,
The Decipherment of Linear
B
(Pelican), 1961

d
. Stage II/2: The Cypriot syllabary, fragment of a clay tablet from Enkomi,
c
.1200
BC

J. Chadwick,
Linear B and Related Scripts
(London, British Museum Publications, 1987)

e
. Stage III: Linear B, found both on Crete and in Mycenaean Greece. Like modern Japanese
kanji
and
kana
, it contained a mixture of pictographic and syllabic signs. Linear B tablet from Pylos, with proto-Greek transliteration and English translation.

‘Hiereia echei-que, euchetoi-que etonion echeen theon, ktoinoochons-de ktionaon kekeimenaon onata echeen. (Tossonde spermo) WHEAT
3–9–3.’

‘This the priestess holds, and solemnly declares that the god has the true ownership, but the plot-holders the enjoyment, of the plots in which it is laid out (So much seed) 3
^37/60
units.’

Leonard Cottrell,
The Butt of Minos
(Athens, 1982)

European Alphabets

* Introduced after 100
BC
for foreign words only. Imperial Latin did not distinguish between I and J, or V and U. There was no W.

Crossing the Alps: The St Gotthard Pass and the Valtellina

(A) The St Gotthard Pass; (B) The Valtellina (17th century)

Phenology and
Sägesignatur
. Indices of Historical Climatology, 1530–50

Spice-Ox:The Pvthagorean Classification of Foods

Ancient Greek Colonies, with their Contemporary Locations

PARENT CITIES. Achaea (A); Megara (M); Corinth (C); Locris, Athens, Chalcis, Eretria. (lonia)*; Lesbos, Phocæa, Samos, Miletus, Thera, Rhodes**

SPAIN

Mainake* (Malaga)

Alonae*

Saguntum*

Hemereoskopeion*

Taraco* (Tarragona)

Emphoriae* (Amporias)

Aphrodisias*

FRANCE

Agathe*(Agde)

Avennio* (Avignon)

Massilia* (Marseille)

Olbia*

Athenopolis*

Antipolis* (Antibes)

Nicaea* (Nice)

Herculis Monoeci*
(Monaco)

Alalia* (in Corsica)

ITALY

Pithecusa* (Ischia)

Cyme*

Neapolis* (Naples)

Laus Pompeii

Posidonia (A)

Elea*

Pixus

Terina

Hipponium (A)

Medina

Rhegium (A)

Locri (A)

Scylletium (A)

Croton (A)

Sybaris (A)

Metapontum

Siris

Taras** (Tarento)

Hydruntum

Callipolis

Ancona (Ancona)

(SICILY)

Zancle

Panormus (Palermo)

Messania* (Messina)

Lipara

Naxos

Catana (Catania)

Megara Hyblaea (M)

Syracusa (C)

Camarina (C)

Gela**

Acragas** (Agrigento)

Himera*

Selinus (M)

Lilybaeum

EASTERN ADRIATIC

Tragyrium

Epetium

Issa

Pharos

Lissus

Epidamnus (C) (Durres)

Apollonia (C)

GREECE

Corcyra (C) (Corfu)

Leucas(C)

Ambracia

Mende*

Potidaea (C)

Olynthos

Torone*

Acanthos

Stagiros

Amphipolis

Neapolis

Crenides

Thasos*

Abdera

Lemnos

Chios

TURKEY (in Europe)

Ainos

Kardia

Elaious

Madytos

Sestos

Tiristasis

Bisanthe

Heraion*

Perinthos*

Selimbria (M)

Byzantion (M) (Istanbul)

BULGARIA

Mesembria (M) (Nesebar)

Apollonia Pontica*
(Sozopol)

Odessus* (Varna)

ROMANIA

Cruni*

Kallatis*

Tomoi* (Constanta)

Histria*

MOLDOVA

Tyras* (Belgorod)

UKRAINE

Ophiusa*

Olbia*

(CRIMEA)

Chersonesus*

Theodosia*

Kimmerikon*

Akra*

Nymphaion*

Tiritake*

Pantikapaion*

RUSSIA

Tanais* (Azov)

Phanagoria*

Hermonassa*

Gorgippia*

Pityus*

ABKHAZIA

Dioskourias* (Sukhumi)

GEORGIA

Guenos*

Phasis*

(Poti)

Bathys Limen* (Batumi)

TURKEY (Asia Minor)

Trapezous*(Trabzon)

Kerasous*

Kotyora*

Amisos* (Samsun)

Sinope* (Sinop)

Heraclea Pontica (M)

Chalcedon (M)

Astakos(M)

Kios

Kyzikos*

Artaka

Abydus (M)

Assus

Atameos

Cyme

Smyrna (Izmir)

Ephesos

Miletus

Halicarnassus

Patara*

Phaselis*

Side*

Corcesium*

Nagidus*

Calenderis*

Soli*

Cytorus*

CYPRUS

Lapethos

Salamis

Amathus

Curium

Paphos

EGYPT

Milesiorum Castellum
(Alexandria)

Naucratis

LIBYA

Paliouros

Apollonia**