Europe: A History (252 page)

USKOK 1
. Catherine Wendy Bracewell,
The Uskoks ofSenj: piracy, banditry, and holy war in the sixteenth century Adriatic
(Cornell, Ithaca, 1991).

USURY 1
. See J. Shatzmiller,
Shylock Reconsidered: Jews, Moneylending and Medieval Society
(Berkeley, Calif., 1989), reviewed in
New York Review of Books
, 36/21–2 (18 Jan. 1990).
2
. K. B. McFarlane, ‘Loans to the Lancastrian Kings: The Problem of Inducement’,
Cambridge Historical Journal
, 9 (1947–9), 57–68.

UTOPIA 1
. Sir Thomas More,
Utopia
, trans. Raphe Robynson, 1552 (Cambridge, 1879) (17th repr., 1952).
2
. See Isaiah Berlin,
Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas
(Oxford, 1979); also H. Hardy (ed.),
The Crooked Timbers of Humanity: Essays in the History of Ideas
(London, 1991).
3
. Vercors,
Le Silence de la mer, et autres récits
(Paris, 1951) > 19–43.
4
. K. Moczarski,
Rozmowy z katem
, trans, as
Conversations with an Executioner
(London, 1974).

VALTELLINA 1
. See Geoffrey Parker,
The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, 1567–1659
(Cambridge, 1972). On Sfurzat wine, see G. Dalmass, ‘The Wines of Italy’,
The Great Book of Wine
(Lausanne, 1970), 221.

VENDANGE 1
. See E. Le Roy Ladurie,
Histoire du climat depuis l’an mille
(Paris, 1967), trans, as
Times of Feast, Times of Famine: A History of Climate Since the Year 1000
(New York, 1971); H. Lamb,
Climate, History and the Modern World
(London, 1982); also Sir Crispin Tickell, ‘Climate and History’, Radcliffe Lecture (Oxford, 1994).
2
. Le Roy Ladurie,
Times of Feast, Times of Famine
, ch. 2.
3
. Ibid. ch. 3, ‘Problems of the Little Ice Age’.

VENDÉMIAIRE 1
. H. Morse Stephens,
Revolutionary Europe, 1789–1815
(London, 1936), app. vi: ‘Concordance of Republican and Gregorian Calendars’, 374–5.

VINO 1
. J.-F. Gautier,
Histoire du Vin
(Paris, 1992). See also H. Warner Allen,
A History of Wine
(London, 1961).
2
. Gautier, op. cit. p. 99.
3
. Hugh Johnson,
World Atlas of Wine
(London, 1971), p. 191.

VIOLETS 1
. D. Ackerman, ‘Smell’, in
A Natural History of the Senses
(London, 1990), 3–63.
2
. See Alain Corbin,
The Foul and the Fragrant: Odours and the French Social Imagination
(Leamington Spa, 1986).
3
. S. Ferenczi,
Thalassa: A Theory of Genitality
(1938; repr. London, 1989).

VLAD 1
. M. Cazacu, ‘Il Potere, la Ferocitá, e le Leggende di Vlad III, Conté Dracula’,
Storia
(Firenze), iii, no. 15,10–16; see also C. Leatherdale,
The Origins ofDracula: the background to Bram Stoker’s Gothic masterpiece
(London, 1987); A. Mackenzie,
A journey into the past of Transylvania
(London, 1990); S. Pascu,
A History of Transylvania
(Detroit, 1982).
2
. John Foxe,
The new and complete Book of Martyrs, or an universal history of martyrdom
, revised & corrected (London, 1811–17).

VORKUTA 1
. See Paul Hollander, ‘Soviet Terror, American Amnesia’,
National Review
, 2 May 1944,28–39.
2
. J. Scholmer,
Vorkuta
(London, 1954); Edward Buca,
Vorkuta
(Constable, London, 1976); also Bernard Grywacz, interviewed by Caroline Moorhead, ‘Out of the Darkness’,
Independent Magazine
, 26 Jan. 1991.
3
. Avraham Shifrin,
The First Guidebook to the Prisons and Concentration Camps of the Soviet Union
(Seewis, GR, Switzerland, 1980), 2nd edn. (London, 1981); on Vorkuta, pp. 203–9. See also R. Conquest,
Kolyma: the Arctic Death Camps
(London, 1978).
4
. Shifrin, op. cit. 31–5.
5
. Personal visit, Oct. 1991.
6
. ‘80,000 ghosts return to haunt Moscow’, the
Independent, 6
Sept. 1989.

WASTE LAND 1
. T. S. Eliot,
The Waste Land: A Facsimile and Transcript of the Original Drafts with the Annotations of Ezra Pound
, ed. Valerie Eliot (London, 1971), 5,135, 145, 148, 1.

WIENER WELT 1
. Stephen Beller,
Vienna and the Jews 1867–1938 A Cultural History
(Cambridge, 1989), esp. 34–7.
2
. Ibid,
passim
.
3
. Martin Freud, ‘Who Was Freud?’, in J. Fraenkel (ed.),
The Jews of Austria: Essays on Their Life, History and Destruction
(London, 1967), 197–211.
4
. Joseph Roth, quoted by R. S. Wistrich,
The Jews of Vienna in the Age of Franz-Joseph
(Oxford, 1990).
5
. Rabbi Gudemann to Kamilla Theimer, 19 Dec. 1907, quoted by J. Fraenkel, ‘The Chief Rabbi and the Visionary’, in Fraenkel,
The Jews of Austria
, 115–17.

XATIVAH 1
. See David Hunter,
Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft
(London, 1947); also J. Dabrowski and J. Siniarska-Czaplicka,
Rękodzieto papiernicze
(The Papermaking Craft) (Warsaw, 1991), with extensive English summaries.

ZADRUGA 1
. Maria Todorova, ‘Myth-Making in European Family History: The Zadruga Revisited’,
East European Politics and Society
, 4(1) (1991), 30–69.

ZEUS 1
. M. J. Price, ‘The Statue of Zeus at Olympia’, in P. Clayton and M. J. Price,
The Seven Wonders of the World
(London, 1988), 59–77.

LIST OF CAPSULES

ABKHAZIA 816

ADELANTE 983–4

AGOBARD 304

ALCHEMIA 53–1

ALCOFRIBAS 541

ALPI 57

ALTMARKT 414–15

ANGELUS 407

ANNALES 955–6

ANNO DOMINI 267–8

APOCALYPSE 196

AQUILA 157

AQUINCUM 159

ARCHIMEDES 125

ARICIA 161–2

ATHLETES 127–8

ATHOS 319

AUC I52–3

AUSCHWITZ 1026–7

BALLETTO 472

BAMBINI 863

BARBAROS 103

BARD 548

BASERRIA 639

BATAVIA 540

BATT-101 1022–3

BAUME 269–70

BENZ 769

BERNADETTE 798–9

BIBLIA 282–3

BLACK ATHENA 138

BLARNEY 550

B.N.R. 933

BOGEY 972–3

BOGUMIL 322–3

BOUBOULINA 732

BOXER 852

BRIE 299

BRITO 264–5

BUCZACZ 1034–5

BUDA 367–8

C14 68

CABALA 396–7

CADMUS 116–17

CANTATA 660

CANTUS 271–3

CAP-AG 583–4

CARITAS 778–9

CATACOMBI 204

CAUCASIA 734–5

CEDROS 163

CHASSE 422–3

CHASTITY 198–9

CHERNOBYL 855–6

CHERSONESOS 105–6

CHOUAN 708

CODPIECE 427

COMBRAY 867

COMENIUS 609–10

COMPOSTELA 278

COMPUTATIO 402

CONCLAVE 398

CONDOM 183–4

CORSICA 628

CONSPIRO 352

CORVINA 522

COWARD 911

CRAVATE 615

CRUX 194–5

CSABA 218

DANNEBROG 363

DANUVIUS 64

DASA 79–80

DEMOS 130–1

DESSEIN 662–3

DEVIATIO 454

DIABOLOS 202

DING 297

DIRHAM 295–6

DOLLAR 525

DÖNHOFF 1043–4

DOUAUMONT 905

E = MC
²
857

ECO 99–100

EESTI 944

EGNATIA 156

EIRIK 329–30

EL CID 348

ELDLUFT 642

ELEKTRON 124

ELEMENTA 791–2

ELSASS 622–3

EMU 1007

EPIC 114–15

EPIDEMIA 233

EPIGRAPH 175–6

EROS 596

ETRUSCHERIA 154

EULENBURG 876–7

EULER 600

FAMINE 832–3

FARAON 985

FAROE 63

FATIMA 917

FAUSTUS 495

FEMME 716–17

FIESTA 337–8

FLAGELLATIO 474–5

FLAMENCO 533

FLORA 908

FOLLY 860

FREUDE 684–5

FUTHARK 226–7

GAGAUZ 743–4

GAT-HUNTER 71

GATTOPARDO 825

GAUCHE 696–7

GENES 830

GENOCIDE 909

GENUG 687

GESANG 486–8

GGANTIJA 78

GHETTO 338

GONCALVEZ 452–3

GOOSE STEP 612

GOTHA 808–10

GOTHIC 356–7

GOTTHARD 58–9

GRECO 562–3

GRILLENSTEIN 724

GROSSENMEBR 650–1

GROTE MARKT 626–7

GUERRILLA 736

GUILLOTIN 700

HANSA 340–1

HARVEST 965

HATRED 922–3

HEJNAL 365

HEPTANESOS 740

HERMANN 827

HEXEN 566–7

HOLISM 489–90

HOSSBACH 988–9

HYSTERIA 123

IKON 247–8

ILLYRIA 730–1

ILLYRICUM 186

IMPRESSION 866

INDEX 260–1

INFANTA 514–15

INQUISITIO 498–9

IONA 277

JACQUARD 681

JEANS 774

KALEVALA 818

KATYŃ 1004–5

KEELHAUL 1046–7

KHAZARIA 236–7

KONARMYA 936

KONOPIšTE 878

KRAL 307

LANGEMARCK 904

LAUSSEL 72–3

LEONARDO 476

LEPER 279–80

LESBIA 509

LETTLAND 1017

LEX 173

LIETUVA 228

LILI 912–14

LLANFAIR 310

LLOYD’S 630

LOOT 741–2

LUDI 180–1

LUGDUNUM 187–8

LYCZAKOW 924–5

MADONNA 300–1

MAGIC 405–6

MAKEDON 134–5

MALET 746

MARKET 604–5

MARSTON 343–4

MASON 633–4

MASSILIA 107–8

MATRIMONIO 447–8

MAUVE 772–3

MENOCCHI 503

MERCANTE 442–3

METRYKA 723

MEZQUITA 256–7

MICROBE 431

MIR 745

MISSA 331–2

MOARTE 968–9

MOLDOVA 1011

MONKEY 793–4

MONTAILLOU 410–11

MORES 346–7

MOUSIKE 118

MURANO 369–70

NEZ 542

NIBELUNG 230–1

NIKOPOLIS 391

NOBEL 873

NOMEN 168–9

NOMISMA 101

NORGE 738

NOSTRADAMUS 546–7

NOVGOROD 327

NOYADES 706–7

OEDIPUS 120–1

OMPHALOS 112–13

OPERA 532

ORANGE 527–9

OXFAM 1029

PALAEO 241

PANTA 190

PAPESSA 303

PAPYRUS 137

PARNASSE 784

PASCHA 201–2

PETROGRAD 906

PFALZ 305–6

PHILIBEG 635–6

PHOTO 770

PICARO 535–6

PLOVUM 371

POGROM 844

POTEMKIN 658

PRADO 806–7

PRESS 445

PROPAGANDA 500–1

PROSTIBULA 413

PUGACHEV 587–8

QUAKE 640

RELAXATIO 785

RENTES 424–5

RESPONSA 1019–20

REVERENTIA 274–5

ROMANY 387–8

ROUGE 710

RUFINUS 262

RUS’ 656–7

SAMOS 164

SAMPHIRE 82–3

SANITAS 776–7

SARAJEVO 980–1

SCHOLASTIKOS 121

SHAMAN 819

SHQIPERIA 645

SINGULARIS 483

SLAVKOV 727

SLESVIG 930–1

SMOLENSK 1014–15

SOCIALIS 940–1

SONATA 591

SOUND 858–9

SOVKINO 918–19

SPASIT’EL 747

SPARTACUS 166–7

SPICE-OX 109

STATE 456

STRAD 592–3

STRASSBURG 718

SUND 60

SUSANIN 994–5

SYLLABUS 800–1

SYPHILUS 512

SYROP 493

SZLACHTA 585–6

TABARD 418–1

TAIZÉ 1024–5

TAMMUZ 75–6

TAXIS 249–50

TEICHOS 243

TEMPUS 434–5

TEREM 559

THRONOS 83

TOLLUND 85

TONE 957

TOR 720

TORMENTA 543–4

TOUR 864

TRISTAN 223–4

TSCHERNOWITZ 1012

UKRAINA 54–5

USKOK 561

USURY 416

UTOPIA 491

VALTELLINA 537–8

VENDAGE 67

VENÉMIAIRE 698

VINO 77

VIOLETS 728

VLAD 449

VORKUTA 963

WASTE LAND 954

WIENER

WELT 849–50

XATIVAH 350

ZADRUGA 390

ZEUS 263

NOTES ON PLATES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

SECTION 1
(between pages
430–1)

1. EUROPA’S RIDE.
Il ratio dell’Europa
. Hellenistic fresco from ‘the House of Jason’, Pompeii. First quarter of the 1st century
AD.
Both Greeks and Romans treasured the legend of Europa. Museo Nazionale, Naples

Photo: Anderson/Alinari 23469.

2. GATHERERS AND HUNTERS. A composite drawing based on palaeolithic cave art from Teruel and Cogul (Lerida), Spain. Male and female figures combine to present an evocative reconstruction of a sophisticated social order frequently dismissed as that of‘cavemen’.

Drawing by Danyon Rey 1993.

3. MINOAN FISHERMAN. 2nd millennium
BC,
National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

Photo: National Archaeological Museum, Athens.

4. PRINCE OF KNOSSOS. Late Minoan. Minoan Crete was unfortified, and pos sessed no warrior caste. Heraklion Museum.

Photo: Ancient Art & Architecture Collection.

5. SYMPOSION—A BANQUET. Greek vase-painting by the Brygos painter (490–480
BC).
The ‘symposium’ provided the setting both for eating, drinking, and love-making and for serious conversation. The men reclined on couches in the oriental fashion. Women and boys did not attend except for the purposes of enter tainment.

Photo: British Museum BM E 60.

6. ETRUSCHERIA. Mural from the Tomb of the Banquet, Tarquinia (c.470
BC).
See
[ETRUSCHERIA].

Photo: Hirmer Fotoarchiv BM E 60.

7. ARCADIAN IDYLL.
Et in Arcadia ego
(1639–43), Nicholas Poussin, bought by Louis XIV in 1683. In the Classical Tradition, Arcadia was the land of pastoral bliss. In Poussin’s famous development of an idea by Guercino, a group of pensive shepherds and nymphs examine the tomb of Daphnis, who died of love, thereby discovering that ‘Even in Arcadia, I (Death) am to be found’. Louvre.