72 Edward F. Bruner, Christopher Bolkcom, and Ronald O’Rourke, “Special Operations Forces in Operation Enduring Freedom: Background and Issues for Congress,” Congressional Research Service Report , October 15, 2001.
79 Thomas Henriksen, The Israeli Approach to Irregular Warfare and Implications for the United States, Joint Special Operations University Report 07–3, 2007.
3 Tom Daschle, “Power We Didn’t Grant,” Washington Post , December 23, 2005.
4 Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, 157; “Iron Fist Reaches from Far Side of the Globe,” Australian , November 19, 2001; Daniel McGrory, “‘Bear’ May Lead to bin Laden,” Times of London , June 20, 2002; Mubashir Zaidi, Paul Watson, and Josh Meyer, “Bin Laden Aide Held in Pakistan,” Los Angeles Times , May 5, 2005; Ian Bruce, “MI6 to Interview al-Qaeda Suspect Held in Pakistan,” Herald (Glasgow) , May 6, 2005; Rana Jawad, “Pakistan Hunts Two Top al-Qaeda Masterminds,” Agence France Presse, August 6, 2004; Pervez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (New York: Free Press, 2008), 258–260.
5 Khaled Dawoud, “Mohammed Atef: Egyptian Militant Who Rose to the Top of the al-Qaida Hierarchy,” Guardian , November 19, 2001.
14 Dawoud, “Mohammed Atef”; Bergen, Osama bin Laden, 211; Michael S. James, “Atef Death Would Be a Major Blow,” ABC News Online, November 17, 2001.
15 “Atef Linked by Terrorism”; Dawoud, “Mohammed Atef”; Bergen, Osama bin Laden, 255; Abdel Bari Atwan, The Secret History of al-Qaeda, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 49.
24 Judith Miller and Eric Schmitt, “A Nation Challenged: The Battle; Ugly Duckling Turns Out to Be Formidable in the Air,” New York Times , November 23, 2001; “Iron Fist Reaches from Far Side of the Globe,” Australian, November 19, 2001.
25 Ian Gallagher, “We’ve Got Bin Laden Cornered Says US,” The Mail (London) , November 18, 2001.
27 Miller and Schmitt, “A Nation Challenged”; David Martin, “Secretary of War: Donald Rumsfeld’s Role in Planning and Executing the Battle Against Terrorism and the Hunt for bin Laden,” 60 Minutes II , November 21, 2001.
29 George Tenet, “Written Statement for the Record of the Director of Central Intelligence Before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States,” March 24, 2004; “Key Bin Laden Helper Reported Struck Down, Killed by US Air Strike,” Associated Press, November 19, 2001.
30 “Afghan Battles; Observing Islam; Political Wrap,” NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 16, 2001; John Stufflebeem, US DOD News Briefing, November 19, 2001.
31 “Afghan Battles”; Jim Mannion, “US Forces Believed to Have Killed Bin Laden Deputy: US Officials,” Agence France Presse, November 16, 2001.
32 Damon Johnston, “Osama’s Man in Deadly Betrayal; Deputy Killed in Air Raid,” Sunday Herald Sun , November 18, 2001; “Iron Fist Reaches.”
33 John Stufflebeem, US DOD News Briefing, November 19, 2001; “Reports Suggest al-Qaeda Military Chief Killed,” CNN, November 17, 2001.
35 “Iron Fist Reaches”; Gary Berntsen, Jawbreaker: The Attack on Bin Laden and al-Qaeda (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006), 206.
36 Taliban Confirm Death of Top bin Laden Aide,” Agence France Press, November 18, 2001.
37 Chuck Murphy, “If He’s Dead, Then Why Is He Wanted?” St. Petersburg Times , January 3, 2002.
38 Ian Gallagher, “SAS Hunt bin Laden in Caves and Tunnels,” Courier Mail , November 19, 2001; Ian Gallagher, “We’ve Got Bin Laden Cornered Says US,” Mail of London , November 18, 2001.
39 Kathy Gannon, “Former Taliban Official Told US in 1999 That al-Qaida Had Taken Over Afghan Movement,” Associated Press, June 9, 2002; Gannon, “Road Rage: Marauding Taliban and Drug-Dealing Warlords on the Road to Kandahar,” New Yorker , March 22, 2004.
40 Berntsen, Jawbreaker, 118; Hugh Barnes, “Rumors of Taliban Minister’s Defection Raises Coalition Hopes,” Agence France Presse, November 15, 2001; Griff Witte, “Taliban Defector Is Assassinated,” Washington Post , January 15, 2006; Peter Baker, “Defector Says Bin Laden Had Cash, Taliban in His Pocket,” Washington Post , November 30, 2001.
41 Tim McGirk, “The Man the CIA Won’t Question,” Time, February 25, 2002.
42 Peter Bergen, “The Battle for Tora Bora,” New Republic , December 22, 2009.
43 Hamid Mir, “The Osama bin Laden I Knew,” News International (Pakistan), May 3, 2011.
44 Jonathan Mahler, The Challenge (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2008), 30–31.
45 R. Jeffrey Smith and Dan Eggen, “Gonzales Helped Set the Course for Detainees,” Washington Post, January 5, 2005.
49 Anthony Shadid, “Fighting Terror/Kidnapping Victim; US Falling Short of Its War Goals, Officials Concede Qaeda Elusiveness,” Boston Globe , February 21, 2002.
50 Juan O. Tamayo, “War on Terror Unfinished As Targets Move; Decisive Victories Remain Elusive,” Miami Herald , September 9, 2002.
53 James Risen and Dexter Filkins, “Threats and Responses: Slippery Foe; Qaeda Fighters Said to Return to Afghanistan,” New York Times , September 10, 2002.
54 “Al-Qaeda’s New Military Chief,” BBC News, December 19, 2001; “Officials, Documents Detail the Big Fish Besides bin Laden,” Associated Press, December 18, 2001.
55 Dan Eggen and Michael Dobbs, “Danger Persists After Hobbling of al-Qaeda,” Washington Post , January 14, 2002; Mary Anne Weaver, Pakistan: Deep Inside the World’s Most Frightening State (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2003); Eric Schmitt and Erik Eckholm, “A Nation Challenged: The Hunted; US Takes Custody of a Qaeda Trainer Seized by Pakistan,” New York Times , January 6, 2002; Philip Shenon, “A Nation Challenged: Bin Laden’s Network; A Qaeda Leader Is Reported to Plan New Raids on US,” New York Times , February 14, 2002.
56 Jane Mayer, The Dark Side: The Inside Story of How the War on Terror Turned into a War on American Ideals (New York: Anchor, 2009), 139–143; Peter Finn and Joby Warrick, “Detainee’s Harsh Treatment Foiled No Plots,” Washington Post , March 29, 2009.
57 Finn and Warrick, “Detainee’s Harsh Treatment.”
58 “Biographies of High Value Terrorist Detainees Transferred to the US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay,” Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) website, September 6, 2006.
59 Ibid.; Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10016 (Zayn al Abidin Muhammad Husayn), US Naval Base Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, March 27, 2007.
61 “Profile: Abu Zubaydah,” New York Times , April 20, 2009; Memorandum for John Rizzo, Acting General Counsel of the Central Intelligence Agency (Declassified), August 1, 2002.
62 James Risen, “A Nation Challenged: The Terror Network; Bombs Have Killed 3 Qaeda Leaders, US Now Believes,” New York Times , December 13, 2001; “The Hunt for Osama bin Laden,” New York Times , December 18, 2001.
63 Risen, “A Nation Challenged”; Stewart Bell, “‘The Next bin Laden Under Arrest: Al-Qaeda’s Chief Recruiter,” National Post (Canada), April 3, 2002; “To Catch a Terrorist,” Boston Globe , April 3, 2002.
64 Risen, “A Nation Challenged”; Jelinek, “Rumsfeld Denies Torture Rumors,” Associated Press, April 3, 2002; Kevin Johnson, “Al-Qaeda Figure a ‘Huge’ Catch,” USA Today , April 2, 2002.
65 “Profile: Abu Zubaydah,” BBC, April 2, 2002; “Al-Qaeda Figure.”
66 Finn and Warrick, “Detainee’s Harsh Treatment”; Tenet, “Written Statement,” 146, 240.
67 Finn and Warrick, “Detainee’s Harsh Treatment”; Peter Finn and Julie Tate, “CIA Mistaken on ‘High Value’ Detainee, Document Shows,” Washington Post, June 16, 2009; Scott Shane, “Divisions Arose on Rough Tactics for Qaeda Figure,” New York Times, April 17, 2009.
68 Dan Eggen and Walter Pincus. “FBI, CIA Debate Significance of Terror Suspect,” Washington Post , December 18, 2007; Mayer, Dark Side , 139–143.
69 Michael R. Gordon, “A Nation Challenged: Bin Laden Lieutenant; A Top Qaeda Commander Believed Seized in Pakistan,” New York Times , March 31, 2002.
70 John Kiriakou, The Reluctant Spy: My Secret Life in the CIA (New York: Bantam, 2002), 107.