From the Tree to the Labyrinth (114 page)

Pico della Mirandola, 235, 302, 408–414, 419

“Pictures Can’t Say Ain’t” (Worth), 82

Pinborg, Jan, 213n39, 216n44, 377

Pindar, 63

Pini, Giorgio, 374n12

Plato, 19, 22, 73, 149, 181, 240, 443; on articulation and signification, 212–213; on denotation, 357, 358; on names, 289; on philosopher and dog, 173; poetry and, 325; semiotic triangle and, 372; visualization of gods and, 268

Platonism, 315, 400, 477

Platypus schema, 478–479, 481

Platzeck, Erhard-Woffram, 392, 399, 400, 401, 406

Pliny the Elder, 25–28, 30–31, 87, 135, 180; on animal language and intelligence, 183–185; medieval views of, 185

Plotinus, 129n12

Plutarch, 178–180, 182

Plutosofia
(Gesualdo), 75

Pneumatics, 34

Poe, Edgar Allan, 335, 546

Poesia, La
(Croce), 542, 546

Poetics, 2, 34, 488; as logic, 102, 111–112, 113; rhetoric and, 116–126

Poetics
(Aristotle), 62, 88, 95, 163; Averroes’s commentary, 97–105; Hermann the German’s translation, 111; medieval misfortunes of, 111–115; on metaphor, 116; William of Moerbeke’s translation, 105–106, 113

Poetria
(John of Garland), 105

Poetria nova
(Geoffrey of Vinsauf), 125

Poetry, 100, 335, 547, 566; allegory and, 139, 155; history opposed to, 101; intellect and, 325; metaphor and, 140–141, 143; Provençal, 122–123; as revelation, 323–324; Scholasticism and, 31

Pohlenz, Max, 175, 213n39

Polara, Giovanni, 122, 342n32

Politian, 34

Politics
(Aristotle), 97, 174, 216

Polygenetic hypothesis, 440, 441, 446

Polygons, networks as, 54

Polyhistor
(Solinus), 30, 135

Pomponius Mela, 24

Ponzio, Augusto, 368

Popper, Karl, 486n15, 556, 570

Porphyry, 4, 5–6, 8, 10, 96, 129n12, 162; Academicians and, 176; influence on medieval doctrinal culture, 169; on intelligence of animals, 183; on souls of animals, 182

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
(Joyce), 334

Posterior Analytics
(Aristotle), 5, 6, 11, 14, 113, 174

Poststructuralism, 570

Pottier, Bernard, 56, 553

Pouillon, Henry, 311, 340n27, 341, 342n31

Poulenc, Francis-Jean-Marcel, 311

Pozzato, Maria Pia, 229n7

Pragmatics, 51

“
Prata rident
” (Rosier-Catach), 126–129

Predicables, theory of, 5, 6

Pre-Raphaelites, 339

Prieto, Luis Jorge, 553, 581

Primitives, 26, 45; assumed, 18, 19; finiteness and, 20; rational language and, 46; universality and, 21

Prior Analytics
(Aristotle), 96, 113

Priscian, 116, 127, 208–209, 210, 212, 213, 214n42, 244, 246, 367

Priscillian of Avila, 254

Problema arithmeticum de rerum combinationibus
(Guldin), 420

“Problem of Meaning in Linguistics, The” (Quine), 558

Proclus, 234, 240

Promessi sposi, I
[
The Betrothed
] (Manzoni), 495–496, 500–502, 506–507, 546; action and word in, 488–493; pardon of Father Cristoforo, 499–500; plague chapters, 502–506; popular semiosis and, 493–495; proper names in, 497–499

Proni, Giampaolo, 485n12, 523, 524

Proprium, 6

Proust, Marcel, 534, 546

Proverbs, 27, 242, 509

Pseudepigraphical writings, 225, 238

Pseudo-Aegidius Romanus, 204n29

Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite, 1, 129n12, 149, 150–159, 165; Llull and, 400, 404; Thomas Aquinas and, 345; translations of, 238

Pseudo-doubles, 226–227

Pseudo-identification, 238–240

Pseudo-Kilwardby, 214n42

Pseudo-Longinus, 240

Pseudo-Marsilius of Inghen, 220

Psychology, 404, 523

Ptolemy, 62

Purgatory
(Dante), 251, 252

Putnam, Hilary, 56, 72

Pythagoras, 181

Pythagoreanism, 342

Quadrivium, 31

Quaestio quodlibetalis
(Thomas Aquinas), 569

Quillian, Ross, 57, 67n36

Quine, Willard V. O., 20, 491, 554, 558–559

Quintilian, 21n14, 22, 116–117, 119, 121

Rabanus Maurus, 29, 31–32, 87, 135, 186n13, 191n19, 209n37

Rabelais, François, 22–23, 543

Ramée, Pierre de la (Petrus Ramus), 34

Raphael, 534

Rationale divinorum officiorum
(Dorando), 2

Rationality, 7, 59, 178, 202, 407

Recherches philosophiques
(De Bonald), 441

Reconstructionists, 510, 515, 516

Redundancy, 19

Regulae theologicae
(Alain of Lille), 159–160

Reisch, Gregor, 34, 193

Relativism, 567

Remi of Trèves, 230

Renaissance, 33–34, 55, 192, 297, 404; authentication in, 235; Kabbalism in, 385–386; rediscovered knowledge and, 93

Renucci, Paul, 147

Replicability, 225

Representations, 56, 523, 532

Rerum divinarum et humanarum antiquitates
(Varro), 25

Reynolds, Barbara, 299, 300

Rhetoric, 31, 34, 111, 414, 432; interpretation and, 257; as part of logic, 112, 113; poetics and, 116–126; treatises on, 1

Rhetoric
(Aristotle), 63, 95, 97, 98n7, 99, 163; Hermann the German’s translation, 107–108; medieval misfortunes of, 111–115;
Translatio Vetus
, 108–110; William of Moerbeke’s translation, 108–110

Rhetorica
(Llull), 402

Rhetorica ad Herennium
(Aristotle), 78–79n46, 116, 120, 124

Rhizome, 54–55

Rhythmus alter
(formerly attrib. Alan of Lille), 130–131, 133, 143

Ricerca della lingua perfetta, La
[
The Search for a Perfect Language
] (Eco), 2

Richard of Lavenham, 213n40

Richard of Saint Victor, 112n17, 131, 272–273, 401

Richards, I. A., 354, 550

Ricoeur, Paul, 65n35

Riedl, Clare, 342n31

Rintelen, Fritz-Joachim von, 346, 347

Rivarol, Antoine de 424

Rivers, Kimberly, 33

Rodulfus Glaber (Rudolph the Hairless), 284

Roland-Gosselin, M.-D., 331n19, 347, 348, 352

Role of the Reader
(Eco), 91

Roman de la Rose
, 137

Romano, Yehudi, 307

Romanticism, 280n11, 312, 316, 319, 337

Rorty, Richard, 460, 461–462, 581

Rosenau, Helen, 271

Rosenstiehl, Pierre, 55

Rosiello, Luigi, 440

Rosier-Catach, Irène, 112, 114n19, 126, 127, 159, 190, 286

Rossano, Pietro, 251, 261

Rosselli, Cosma, 79–80

Rossi, Paolo, 34n22, 37, 85, 397

Rouault, Georges, 311

Rovatti, Aldo, 564, 565, 577

Royal Society (London), 425

Russell, Bertrand, 20, 354, 381

Saint Martin, Louis-Claude de, 441

Saintsbury, George, 339

Saint-Sever,
Beatus
of, 252

Salsano, Alfredo, 21n13

Sanders, Henry, 253, 254

San Millan de la Cogolla,
Beatus
of, 252, 267,
267

San Pedro de Cardeña,
Beatus
of, 252

San Severo,
Beatus
of, 268,
268

Santarcangeli, Paolo, 52

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 424–425

Satie, Erik, 311, 312, 316

Saussure, Ferdinand de, 290, 293, 556, 561

Sayers, Dorothy, 299

Scalichius de Lika, Paulus, 23, 387

Schaer, Roland, 21n13

Schank, Roger C., 57

Schelling, Friedrich, 336, 572n5

Schema, 457, 463, 471–474; in Kant’s last writings, 484–487; schema of the dog, 474–478, 483; of unknown object, 478–484

Schlosser-Magnino, Julius von, 340, 342n31

Schogt, Henry G., 553

Schola Palatina
, 120

Scholastics (Schoolmen), 115, 160, 163, 312; Bacon’s critique of, 171–172; denotation and, 379, 381; dissolution of, 315; Kant and, 466; Llull and, 400; post-Reformation, 168; souls of animals and, 187

Schola Vindobonensia ad Horatii Artem poeticam
, 124

Scholem, Gershom, 415

Schott, Gaspar, 39–40

Sciascia, Leonardo, 91

Sciences, 35–36, 111, 224

Scotus Eriugena, John.
See
Eriugena, John Scotus

Scotus, Michael, 97

Scriptum super libros Sententiarum
(Thomas Aquinas), 166

Scripture (Bible), 29, 112, 120n5, 140, 219; allegory in, 134, 135, 138, 141; anthropomorphization in, 154; authenticity of, 242, 243; biblical exegesis, 253, 260; Dante on allegory in, 145, 146; First Epistle to Corinthians, 130–131, 153; Kabbalism and Christian exegesis, 398; King James Version, 275, 300; metaphors and similes in, 156, 167–168; multiple interpretations of, 258; New Testament, 131–132, 251, 259; Old Testament, 131–133, 252, 269, 281; poetry and, 320; Septuagint, 225, 231; signification in, 196, 197; speech acts in Genesis, 286–290; Thomas Aquinas on allegory in, 142–144; visualization of, 260–273,
266–268
; Vulgate, 231, 264n7, 274–275, 286, 288, 300.
See also
Apocalypse

Sebeok, T. A., 553

Secret, François, 385

Sefer Yetzirah
(Book of Creation), 386, 397–398, 399, 416

Selenus, Gustavus, 417

Sellars, Wilfrid, 462, 470

Semantics, 19, 51, 481, 548–549, 562–563; encyclopedia entries and, 551–554; encyclopedic, 565, 566; extensional, 383; meaning of meaning, 554–557; meanings of, 549–551; representation and, 3; semantic networks, 57, 60; truth-conditional, 559–562; universals, 424, 425, 431

Semantics
(Lyons), 554

“Semantics of Metaphor, The” (Eco), 67

Sememes, 164, 553

Semiosis, 1, 50, 58, 501; inference and, 525; popular, 493–495; semiosic teratology, 502; unlimited, 21, 51, 69, 565; verbal language and, 489, 506

Semiosphere, 73n39, 85

Semiotics, 1, 113, 194, 200, 457; bibliography of, 2; denotation and, 353–354; of falsification, 240; of forgery, 225–228; history of, 531; Kantian, 473; of Manzoni, 488, 498, 506–507; of metaphor, 154; mnemotechnics as, 78–82; mutilated, 90; Peircean, 509; semiotic triangle, 357, 364, 372, 375, 376; zoosemiotics, 220

Seneca, 175

Sententia libri Politicorum
(Thomas Aquinas), 125

Servius, 138

Severini, Gino, 311

Sextus Empiricus, 176, 177n6, 181, 215n43, 459n2

Sgradini, Enrica, 302

Shifa
(Avicenna), 107, 111

Sic et non
(Abelard), 232

Siger of Brabant, 246, 296

“Signe et symbole” (Maritain), 319

Signification, 1, 197, 199, 212, 214n42; Aristotelian view of, 360; context and, 566; Hobbes and, 380–381; naming and, 364; natural and positive, 298n7; popular semiosis and, 494;
suppositio
and, 366, 367

Signs (
semeia
), 194–195, 201, 203, 207, 211, 248; Augustine’s definition of, 195–197, 359–360; Bacon’s classification of, 216–222, 369; indexical, 497; as indices, 202; intuition and, 543; natural, 370; Platonic ideal and, 419; symbols distinguished fom,’ 217;
voces significativae
and, 205.
See also
Natural signs and signification; Semiosis; Semiotics

Similes, 144, 149, 152, 154, 158, 168, 250–251

Simone, Raffaele, 441

Simon Magus (Simon the Magician), 221n49

Simon of Dacia, 209n39

Simon of Faversham, 298n7

Simson, Otto von, 341

Sirridge, Mary, 197n22

Sisyphus (mythological), 63, 109, 180

Six Problems for Don Isidro Parodi
(Borges and Bioy-Casares), 91–92

Slaughter, Mary, 194n20

Smith, Barry, 61, 517n3

Socrates, 182, 212, 330n18, 371, 372, 394

Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg
(Maistre), 441–442, 455

Solinus, 30, 135, 185n12

Solomon Ben Isaac, Rabbi, 271

Somnium Scipionis
(Macrobius), 402

Sonus
(sound), 173, 207

Sophistical Refutations
(Aristotle), 96, 113

Soul, 48, 120n5, 145, 150, 152; intention of, 218; knowledge and, 167; metaphor and, 148; power of, 17; virtue and, 112, 113n

Sowa, John, 60

Space, time and, 69

Spade, Paul V., 214n40, 364

Spangerbergius, Johannes, 75

Species, 6, 42, 81, 103, 321; denotation and, 353; existence of, 5; language and, 220–221; limits of nature and, 582; metaphor and, 116–117; Porphyrian tree and, 406; relation to genus, 7; schematism and, 480; in Wilkins, 44; words and, 216–217

Specula
(Vincent of Beauvais), 135

Speculum majus
(Vincent of Beauvais), 33, 86

Speech acts, 135, 200, 286–287

Sperber, Dan, 554

Spinoza, Baruch, 425, 572n5

Stalin, Joseph, 86

Statius, 147, 230

Steganographies, 416–417

Stergk, Joachim, 22

Stesichorus, 110

Stoics, 111, 131, 175, 206; Abelard and influence of, 197–200; on animal behavior, 179, 181; Augustine and influence of, 195–197; names distinguished from signs, 194–195; Priscian and, 213

Strato of Lampsacus, 24

Stravinsky, Igor, 312

Struttura assente, La
(Eco), 520

Suarez, Francisco, 160

Subsumption, 60

Suger, abbot of Saint Denis, 274n9, 340

Summa grammatica
(John of Dacia), 213n40

Summa Theologiae
(Thomas Aquinas), 17, 115, 140–142, 165, 187–188, 194; on aesthetics, 348, 349; on poetic discourse, 319; on species, 321

Summulae Dialectices
(Roger Bacon), 219

Summulae Logicales
(Richard of Lavenham), 213n40

Super epistulam ad Galatas
(Thomas Aquinas), 142

Suppositio
, theory of, 358–359, 366–369, 378, 379, 381–382

Surrealism, 316, 319, 325

Svoboda, Karel, 342n31

Swift, Jonathan, 426