Gandhi & Churchill (118 page)

31. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
14, 23, 25.

32. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
295–96.

33. Louis,
In the Name of God,
174.

34. Moon,
British Conquest,
1131.

35. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
33.

36. Ibid., 23.

CHAPTER 28.
Triumph and Tragedy

1. Hartog,
Sign of Tiger
, 108–11. Bose did not travel alone. His devoted disciple Abid Hassan came along and slept in the bunk above him, while entertaining the U-boat crew with his imitations of “Nazi bigwigs” like Goebbels and Göring.

2. Ibid., 63–64. Bose welcomed the two thousandth legionary in February 1943. The final total, according to Hartog (who joined the unit as German adviser in 1944), reached four thousand. British sources bring the number down to 3100, with 300 to 400 German personnel (66).

3. German Military Intelligence Report, in Ganpuley,
Netaji in Germany,
Appendix, 183. On Hitler and
Lives of the Bengal Lancers,
see Hauner,
India in Axis Strategy,
33.

4. Bose,
Collected Works,
8:429.

5. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
322.

6. Green,
Gandhi,
363.

7. Quoted in Das,
Subhas,
279–80.

8. Ibid., 249.

9. For example, Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
233–34, 258–59.

10. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind,
359.

11. Brooke,
War Diaries,
1:504.

12. Lamb,
War Leader,
247; Louis,
Imperialism at Bay,
283.

13. Lamb,
War Leader,
248–49.

14. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
40.

15. Voigt,
Second World War,
230.

16. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
372.

17. Churchill,
Closing the Ring,
486.

18. Allen,
Burma,
237.

19. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
381.

20. Churchill,
Closing the Ring,
488.

21. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
388, 390.

22. Voigt,
Second World War,
232.

23. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
393.

24. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
343.

25. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
70.

26. Gilbert,
Road to Victory,
351 n 1.

27. Telegram dated May 27, in Gilbert,
Road to Victory,
351n1.

28. Payne,
Gandhi,
498.

29. Ibid., 502.

30. Ibid., 504.

31. Letter of March 9, 1944, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
84:25.

32. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
343.

33. Payne,
Gandhi,
505.

34. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
74–75.

35. Voigt,
Second World War,
242–43, 208.

36. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
345.

37. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
79.

38. Quoted in Prabhu and Rao,
Mind of Mahatma,
68.

39. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
349.

40. Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
46–47.

41. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
91.

42. Lamb,
Churchill as War Leader,
205.

43. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind,
475.

44. Ibid., 507.

45. Moran,
Churchill at War,
281.

46. Charmley,
End of Glory,
587–88.

47. Moran,
Churchill at War,
278.

48. Ibid., 278–79.

49. Letter dated February 1, 1945, in Gilbert,
Road to Victory,
1166.

50. Louis,
In the Name of God,
174–75.

51. Moon,
British Conquest,
1136.

52. Louis,
In the Name of God,
177–78.

53. Ibid., 171–72.

54. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
135.

55. Ibid., 136.

56. Ibid., 135–36.

57. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
7:7154–55.

58. Moran,
Churchill at War,
305, 306.

59. Colville,
Fringes of Power,
600.

60. Thorne,
Allies of a Kind,
641.

61. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
294.

62. Quoted in Allen,
Burma,
633–34.

63. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
355.

64. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
144–45.

65. Ibid.

66. Ibid., 147.

67. Ibid., 155.

68. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
87:234.

69. Ibid., 87:153.

70. Ibid., 87:153–54.

CHAPTER 29.
Walk Alone

1. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
27.

2. Moore,
Escape from Empire,
25.

3. Ibid., 28–29.

4. Louis,
In the Name of God,
165–66.

5. Colville,
Fringes of Power,
606.

6. Chandos,
Memoirs,
328–29.

7. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
364–65.

8. Moran,
Churchill at War,
351–52.

9. Colville,
Fringes of Power,
611.

10. Moore,
Escape from Empire,
3.

11. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
159.

12. Mansergh,
Transfer of Power,
6:60.

13. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
168.

14. Moran,
Churchill at War,
351.

15. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
755, 794.

16. Interview with unnamed British paper, October 28, 1946, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
92:421–22.

17. Ibid., 92:8.

18. Ibid., 87:315.

19. Ibid., 87:359.

20. Ibid., 96:64.

21. Ibid., 87:300.

22. Mahajan,
Independence,
73.

23. Wavell received word of Bose’s death on September 21 (
Viceroy’s Journal
, 174). He remained skeptical, however, and awaited further confirmation. Others are still waiting for confirmation today.

24. Gopal,
Nehru,
1:308.

25. Bayly and Harper,
Forgotten Armies,
448.

26. Ahmad,
Indian Response,
119.

27. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
187, 188.

28. Mahajan,
Independence,
88, 94–95.

29. Mansergh,
Transfer of Power,
6:1079.

30. Hyde,
Baldwin
, 353.

31. Quoted in Gopal,
Nehru,
1:306.

32. Quoted in Ahmed,
Jinnah,
114.

33. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
236.

34. Ibid., 299.

35. Moon,
British Conquest,
1147.

36. Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
60.

37. Ibid., 57, 62.

38. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
298.

39. Ibid., 314–15.

40. Quoted in Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
66.

41. Blame very deliberately laid in Moore,
Escape from Empire,
passim.

42. As noted in Arnold,
Gandhi,
211–12.

43. Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
69.

44. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
811.

45. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal,
336.

46. Report in
Hindustani Times,
September 27, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
92:246.

47. Ibid., 92:329.

48. Ibid., 92:344, 355, 345.

49. Ibid., 92:358, 375.

50. Payne,
Gandhi,
521.

51. Bose,
My Days,
63, 85, 84.

52. Moon,
British Conquest,
1158.

53. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
92:382.

54. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal
, 344–45, 401–2.

55. This was in September. See Mansergh,
Transfer of Power, 8:
454–62.

56. Wavell,
Viceroy’s Journal
, 345.

57. Attlee’s letter is dated January 8, 1947, in Mansergh,
Transfer of Power,
9:490–91.

58. Quoted in Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
108.

59. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
8:7386.

60. Ibid., 8:7444–48.

CHAPTER 30.
Death in the Garden

1. Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
80.

2. Mosley,
Last Days of Raj,
90.

3. Mansergh,
Transfer of Power,
10:8.

4. Payne,
Gandhi,
526.

5. Mansergh,
Transfer of Power,
10:47.

6. Quoted in Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
82.

7. Ibid., 85.

8. Moore,
Escape from Empire,
chap. 4,
passim
; Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
91.

9. Mansergh,
Transfer of Power,
10:84; Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
82.

10. Mosley,
Last Days of Raj,
96.

11. April 1, 1947, prayer meeting, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
94:217.

12. Johnson,
Modern Times,
474.

13. See, for example, Jalal,
Sole Spokesman.

14. Quoted in Mosley,
Last Days of Raj,
91, 110.

15. Moore,
Escape from Empire,
206.

16. Copies of some of the letters survive in Chartwell Papers 43 A-B and 44.

17. The entire conversation is recorded in Mansergh,
Transfer of
Power,
10:513.

18. Wolpert,
Jinnah.

19. Pyarelal,
Early Phase,
215, 217.

20. If the plan hadn’t been signed, the viceroy confessed to his press officer, “Dickie Mountbatten would have been sunk, and could have packed his bags.” Mosely,
Last Days of Raj,
127.

21. Quoted ibid., 133.

22. Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
90.

23. Payne,
Gandhi,
531.

24. Pyarelal,
Early Phase,
215.

25. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
96:186, 196.

26. Ibid., 96:182.

27. Payne,
Gandhi,
533.

28. Bose,
My Days,
225.

29. Quoted in Wolpert,
Nehru,
408.

30. Karaka,
Betrayal in India,
52–53.

31. Wolpert,
Nehru,
409–10.

32. Manubehn Gandhi,
Miracle of Calcutta,
66.

33. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
842.

34. Quoted in Wolpert,
Nehru,
411–12.

35. Payne,
Gandhi,
548.

36. Masson,
Edwina,
206–7.

37. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
527.

38. Ali,
Emergence of Pakistan,
259.

39. Chaudhuri,
Great Anarch!,
834.