Gandhi & Churchill (122 page)

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India in the Second World War.
New Delhi: Arnold-Heinemann, 1987.

Walkowitz, Judith R.
City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Wallin, Jeffrey.
By Ships Alone: Churchill and the Dardanelles.
Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1981.

Ward, Andrew.
Our Bones Are Scattered: The Cawnpore Massacres and the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
New York: Henry Holt, 1996.

Wasti, Syed Razi.
Lord Minto and the Indian Nationalist Movement 1905 to 1910.
1964; Lahore: People’s Publishing, 1976.

Wavell, Archibald Percival.
Wavell: The Viceroy’s Journal
. London: Oxford University Press, 1973.

Weber, Thomas.
On the Salt March.
New York: HarperCollins, 1998.

Williams, Glyn, and John Ramsden.
Ruling Britannia: Political History of Britain, 1688–1988.
London: Addison-Wesley Longman, 1990.

Wolpert, Stanley.
India
. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965.

__________.
Morley and India 1906–1910.
Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967.

__________.
Jinnah of Pakistan.
Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1984.

__________.
Nehru: A Tryst with Destiny.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Ziegler, Philip.
Mountbatten: The Official Biography.
New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985.

PHOTOGRAPH CREDITS

PHOTO INSERT I

General Wheeler’s battered entrenchment at Cawnpore after the Great Mutiny of 1857 (Hulton/Getty Archives)

Lord Randolph Churchill visiting India in 1885 (Churchill Archives/reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of The Broadwater Collection)

Mohandas Gandhi with members of London’s Vegetarian Society in 1890 (V. Jhaveri/ Peter Rühe)

Winston Churchill in India in 1896, as subaltern with the Fourth Hussars (Churchill Archives/ reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of The Broadwater Collection)

Gandhi and fellow members of the Indian Ambulance Corps during the Boer War (V. Jhaveri/Peter Rühe)

The
Illustrated Police News
’s heroic version of Churchill’s escape from a Boer prison (Churchill Archives/reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of The Broadwater Collection)

Gandhi as he appeared when he met Churchill in London in October 1906 (V. Jhaveri/ Peter Rühe)

Churchill as secretary of state for the Colonies after his first and only meeting with Gandhi (Churchill Archives/reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of The Broadwater Collection)

A rare action photograph of South African police halting Gandhi’s dramatic march to the Transvaal, November 1913 (Local History Museum, Durban/Peter Rühe)

Failure of the Gallipoli campaign in 1915 (Hulton/Getty Archives)

Gandhi meeting with Indian National Congress stalwarts in September 1921 (V. Jhaveri/ Peter Rühe)

Churchill as the new chancellor of the exchequer on his way to present his first budget to the House of Commons, 1925 (Churchill Archives/reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of The Broadwater Collection)

Gandhi using his
charkha,
or spinning wheel, at Sabarmati Ashram, 1926 (V. Jhaveri/ Peter Rühe)

PHOTO INSERT II

Mohandas and Kasturbai Gandhi after arriving in India in January 1915 (V. Jhaveri/ Peter Rühe)

Winston Churchill and Clementine Churchill on his return to England from America, 1929 (Hulton/Getty Archives)

The beginning of Gandhi’s Salt March at Sabarmati, March 1930 (GandhiServe/Peter Rühe)

Gandhi making salt at Bhimpur (V. Jhaveri/Peter Rühe)

Salt satyagraha in Bombay (
Daily Herald
Archive/Peter Rühe)

Churchill speaks against Indian independence to meeting of the Indian Empire Society, December 1930 (Fox Photos/Getty Archives)

Gandhi with Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and Sir Samuel Hoare at second Round Table Conference, London 1931 (V. Jhaveri/Peter Rühe)

A left-wing cartoonist’s view of Churchill against the Government of India Bill, 1933 (Churchill Archives/reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of The Broadwater Collection)

Gandhi with Subhas Chandra Bose at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1938 (Hulton/Getty Archives)

PHOTO INSERT III

Winston Churchill and Viscount Halifax, 1940 (Getty Images)

Churchill visits the bombed ruins of Coventry Cathedral, 1940 (Churchill Archives/ reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown Ltd., London, on behalf of The Broadwater Collection)

Gandhi with his longtime secretary, Mahadev Desai (V. Jhaveri/Peter Rühe)

Churchill and President Franklin Roosevelt at Sunday services on the HMS
Prince of Wales
, August 1941 (Imperial War Museum)

The HMS
Prince of Wales
sinking after being targeted Japanese planes (Imperial War Museum)

Quit India riot in Bombay, October 1942 (Kanu Gandhi/Peter Rühe)

Sikh soldiers in Cairo present a gift to Winston Churchill on his 69th birthday, November 1943 (Imperial War Museum)

Churchill with jubilant crowd on V-E Day, May 8, 1945 (Imperial War Museum)

General Archibald Wavell, viceroy of India 1943–1946 (Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images)

Aftermath of massacres in Calcutta, 1946 (photo by Margaret Bourke White; Hulton/Getty Archives)

Gandhi arriving with his grandniece Manubehn at Delhi train station, March 1947 (V. Jhaveri/Peter Rühe)

Gandhi’s funeral, January 31, 1948 (V. Jhaveri/Peter Rühe)

Churchill’s funeral, January 30, 1965 (Hulton/Getty Archives)

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

ARTHUR HERMAN is the bestselling author of
How the Scots Invented the Modern World,
which has sold over 350,000 copies worldwide, and
To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World,
which was nominated for the prestigious Mountbatten Prize in 2005. He is a former professor of history at Georgetown University, Catholic University, George Mason University, and the Smithsonian’s Campus on the Mall.

ALSO BY ARTHUR HERMAN

How the Scots Invented the Modern World

To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World

GANDHI & CHURCHILL

A Bantam Book / May 2008

Published by Bantam Dell
A Division of Random House, Inc.
New York, New York

All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2008 by Arthur Herman

Maps by David Lindroth

Bantam Books is a registered trademark of Random House, Inc., and the colophon is a trademark of Random House, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Herman, Arthur, 1956–

Gandhi and Churchill: the epic rivalry that destroyed an empire and forged our age / Arthur Herman.

p.    cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

eISBN: 978-0-553-90504-5

1. Great Britain—Foreign relations—India. 2. India—Foreign relations—Great Britain. 3. Churchill, Winston, Sir, 1874–1965. 4. Gandhi, Mahatma, 1869–1948. 5. Great Britain—Colonies—History—20th century. I. Title.

DA47.9.I4H47 2008

325.54094109041—dc22         2008000149

www.bantamdell.com

v1.0

FOOTNOTES

^*1
Shortly afterward Shepherd volunteered to carry a message to the garrison at Lucknow. He was captured and held by Nana Sahib’s men until European troops freed him. However, his wife, his sister, and the rest of the family perished in the siege.
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^*2
The four British women were eventually returned and perished with the rest. However, two of the Eurasian girls married their sepoy captors to escape further abuse. The first, Amelia Horne, eventually escaped. Miss Wheeler, however, became a Muslim and died a very old lady in Cawnpore after telling her extraordinary story to a Catholic priest on her deathbed.
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^*3
British soldiers during the siege of Delhi discovered that the khaki cloth was not only lighter and cooler but also made them less conspicuous targets. It was a discovery that the rest of the British Army made during the Boer War, after losing too many men to enemy snipers, and led to its general adoption.
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^*4
An ancient Indian solar disk and traditional sign of good luck that the Nazis later made into a symbol of Aryan racial purity.
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^*5
It would be registering sooner than most realized. Ironically, Kipling’s triumphant poem was composed in 1882, after the exposure of an Irish plot to assassinate Queen Victoria, to reassure the British public. Winston Churchill’s earliest childhood memory was of wandering through Dublin’s Phoenix Park and seeing the spot where the British viceroy had been murdered only a couple of years earlier.
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^†6
He would also be one of the first champions of Indian nationalism. When he died in 1891 and was buried in London’s Brookwood Cemetery, among the three thousand mourners who attended the funeral would be a young Mohandas Gandhi.
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^*7
After the Liberals, Tories, and Irish Nationalists.
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^*8
In 1815, as the Duke of Wellington, he would defeat Napoleon at Waterloo.
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^*9
Orwell served in Burma from 1922 to 1927, at which date Burmese administration was still the responsibility of the Indian government.
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^*10
The record ended in 1943, when Winston Churchill was prime minister.
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^*11
A traditional dance performed by young women or Nautch girls, whom Ensign Winston Churchill would find as charming as his father had.
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^*12
The queen asked Prime Minister Salisbury to learn Viceroy Dufferin’s opinion about appointing her son the Duke of Connaught as commander in chief for the Bombay Presidency. When Randolph found out, he exploded. By going over his head, she had directly challenged his authority to oversee all appointments, he raged; his authority had been “completely demolished.” He even hinted he might resign. Eventually, a compromise was reached and ruffled feathers smoothed. But privately Salisbury and others wondered at Randolph’s increasingly erratic behavior and mood swings—though none except his wife knew the real reason for them.
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