Heroes, Rogues, & Lovers: Testosterone and Behavior (51 page)

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Authors: James McBride Dabbs,Mary Godwin Dabbs

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Page 220
Prospects
(New York: Wiley-Liss, 1996), pp. 121135. One of the most remarkable recent papers in the area of nutrition is a report that eating moderate amounts of licorice can lower testosterone levels by about 30 percent; see Decio Armanini, Guglielmo Bonanni, and Mario Palermo, "Reduction of Serum Testosterone in Men by Licorice,"
New England Journal of Medicine
, Vol. 341 (1999), p. 1158.
31. Earl Mindell,
Earl Mindell's Food as Medicine
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 176.
32. Richard M. Sharpe and Niels S. Skakkebaek, "Are Oestrogens Involved in Falling Sperm Counts and Disorders of the Male Reproductive Tract?"
The Lancet
, Vol. 341 (1993), pp. 13921395.
33. Chandra M. Tiwary, "Premature Sexual Development in Children Following the Use of Placenta and/or Estrogen Containing Hair Product(s),"
Pediatric Research
, Vol. 35, No. 4, Part 2 (1994), p. 108A.
34. Janet Raloff, "The Feminine Touch: Are Men Suffering from Prenatal or Childhood Exposure to 'Hormonal' Toxicants?"
Science News
, Vol. 145 (22 January 1994), pp. 5658. A recent review of this research is provided by Gillian R. Bentley, "Environmental Pollutants and Fertility," in eds. G. R. Bentley and N. Mascie-Taylor,
Infertility in the Modern World: Present and Future Prospects
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
35. Johannes D. Veldhuis, John C. King, Randall J. Urban, Alan D. Rogol, William S. Evans, Lisa A. Kolp, and Michael L. Johnson, "Operating Characteristics of the Male Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: Pulsatile Release of Testosterone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Their Temporal Coupling with Luteinizing Hormone,"
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
, Vol. 65 (1987), pp. 929941.
36. S. K. Finley and M. F. Kritzer, "Immunoreactivty for Intracellular Androgen Receptors in Identified Subpopoulations of Neurons, Astrocytes, and Oligodendrocytes in Primate Prefontal Cortex,"
Journal of Neurobiology
, Vol.15 (1999), pp. 446457.
37. Robert Frost, "The Star-Splitter," in Edward Connery Latham, ed.,
The Poetry of Robert Frost
(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), p. 178.
38. This is from Sherrington, quoted in Vincent G. Dethier,
To Know a Fly
(San Francisco: Holden-Day, 1962), p. 109.
39. A good example from baseball of how small effects add up to something big is provided by Robert P. Abelson, "A Variance Explanation Paradox: When a Little is a Lot,"
Psychological Bulletin
, Vol. 97 (1985), pp. 129133.
Chapter 2
Two Sexes
1. The issue of why there are varying numbers of sexes, why two is most common, and when the mitochrondia will compete is discussed by Alun Anderson, "The Evolution of Sexes,"
Science
, Vol. 257 (1992), pp. 324328.

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