 | Also see Laurence D. Hurst and William D. Hamilton, "Cytoplastic Fusion and the Nature of Sexes,"
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
B, Vol. 247 (1992), pp. 189194; and Laurence D. Hurst, "Intragenomic Conflict as an Evolutionary Force,"
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
, Vol. 248 (1992), pp. 135140.
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| 2. Variety is especially important in protecting the organism against parasites. For information on how increasing pressure from parasites leads to more use of sexual rather than asexual reproduction, see Natalie Angier, "Parasites Take the Biological Spotlight,"
New York Times
, 17 July 1990, pp. C1C2.
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| 3. Lewis Thomas, "Notes of a Biology Watcher: A Fear of Pheromones,"
New England Journal of Medicine
, Vol. 285 (1971), pp. 292293. Copyright © 1971 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved.
|
| 4. Stephen J. Gould,
Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History
(New York: Norton, 1989).
|
| 5. Donald T. Campbell, "On the Conflicts Between Biological and Social Evolution and Between Psychology and Moral Tradition,"
American Psychologist
, Vol. 30 (1975), pp. 11031126.
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| 6. George P. Murdock, "The Common Denominator of Culture," in
The Science of Man in the World Crisis
, ed. R. Linton (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1945), pp. 123142. Also see Martin Daly and Margo Wilson,
Sex, Evolution, and Behavior: Adaptations for Reproduction
(North Scituate, MA: Duxbury Press, 1978), p. 315.
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| 7. Jan M. Gero and Margaret W. Conkey, eds.,
Engendering Archaeology: Women in Prehistory
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).
|
| 8. Joshua Fischman, "Hard Evidence,"
Discover
, February 1992, pp. 4451.
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| 9. M. Rebuffé-Scrive, P. Marin, and P. Björntorp, "Effect of Testosterone on Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Men,"
International Journal of Obesity
, Vol. 15 (1991), pp. 791795. See also, M. Krothiewski and P. Björntorp, "The Effects of Estrogen Treatment of Carcinoma of the Prostate on Regional Adipocyte Size,"
Journal of Clinical Investigation
, Vol. 1 (1978), pp. 365366.
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| 10. Elizabeth R. McCown, "Sex Differences: The Female as Baseline for Species Description," in
Sexual Dimorphism in Homo Sapiens: A Question of Size
, ed. Roberta L. Hall (New York: Praeger, 1982), pp. 3783.
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| 11. This is contrary to a view that men evolved to bond especially closely to one another, because of the demands of their hunting backgrounds, as presented by Lionel Tiger,
Men in Groups
(New York: Random House, 1969). I believe there is little evidence that men bond together more closely than women.
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