Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (56 page)

law:

Islamic,
see
Shariah

rule of, 67–68

secular (
kanun
), 19, 44

see also
specific schools

legal preference (
istihsan
), 18, 89, 144

Lenin, V. I., 184

Lerman, Eran, 187

lesbianism, 268

Letter Concerning Toleration, A
(Locke), 84

Lewis, Bernard, 63, 73, 142, 180–81, 182

Liberal Spirit of the Qur’an, The,
170

“Liberating Religious Education, A” (Aydin), 235

libertarian movement, 61

liberty,
see
freedom

Libya, 64, 174, 241

lineage (
nasab
), 50

Literature, 232–33

Little House on the Prairie
(TV show), 197

Little House on the Prairie
(Wilder), 61

Locke, John, 84, 164, 300
n

Louis XIV, King of France, 146

Luther, Martin, 134, 143

Macedonia, 167

Madison, James, 157

Magazin, Das,
328
n

Magna Carta, 133–34, 147

Mahai, Muhammad b. Hajjaj, 101

Mahdi, 20, 249, 324
n

Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan, 146–47

Mahmud of Ghazni, 111–12

Maimonides, 76

Majallat al-Azhar,
200

Malaysia, 18

Malaysia Think Tank, 240

Malik, 99, 114

Maliki school, 20, 114

Mamak Prison, 34–35, 36

Ma’mun, al-, Abbasid caliph, 20, 108–9, 110, 304
n

Manichaeans, 122

Manzoor, Parvez, 292
n

Mao Zedong, 180

Mardin, S¸erif, 212

Marshall Plan, 210

Marx, Karl, 134

Marxism, 257

Marxism-Leninism, 197–99

Mary, Virgin, 60, 284, 329
n

Masada, siege of, 192

Maturidi, al-, 15, 115

Maturidi school, 21, 115, 144

Mawardi, al-, 252

Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu al-A`la al-, 187, 198–99, 200, 201, 216

McKinley, William, 160

Mead, Walter Russell, 243

Mecca, 20, 43, 57, 60, 269

Muhammad’s Final Sermon in, 63

Muhammad’s first years in, 47–48

Muhammad’s
hijra
(migration) from, 18, 56

polytheism and idolatry in, 43–44

Mecelle, 20, 160–61, 199

Medina, 20, 47, 56, 60, 96, 261, 276, 277, 297
n

Charter of, 56–57

Jews of, 56, 57–58

Muslim community of, 56–57

religious pluralism of, 56–57

Mehmed II, Ottoman sultan, 144–45

Menderes, Adnan, 210, 211, 215, 217, 219, 224

Menemenciog˘lu, Numan, 321
n

merit (
fadl
), 50–51

merit (
hasab
), 50

Metiner, Mehmet, 216–17, 321
n,
322
n

Middle Ages, 54, 71, 72, 78–79

middle class, 173, 233, 242

capitalism and, 226–67

Islamic literature and, 232–33

in Ottoman Empire, 153–54

Turkish, 38, 230–32

Middle East, 88, 141

Age of Discovery and decline of, 127,
129

Europe compared with, 133–34

iqta
system of, 18, 126, 134

misogynistic attitudes in, 104

Mongol invasion of, 112–13, 141

physical environment and topography of, 132–34

U.S. supported dictatorships in, 318
n
–19
n

mihna
(inquisition), 20, 109–10, 304
n
–5
n

milhemet mitsva,
295
n

Mill, John Stuart, 163, 169

Milli Görüs¸ (National Outlook) movement, 20, 215, 217, 221, 223

Möhler, Adam, 46–47

Mongols, 74, 112–13, 115, 126, 141, 196, 305
n

Monophysites, 66–67

monotheism, 37, 47, 50, 51, 56, 92

Montazeri, Grand Ayatollah Hossein-Ali, 278

Montenegro, 156

Montesquieu, 131, 169, 308
n
–9
n

Morocco, 130

Moses (Musa), 28, 45, 283

Motherland Party, Turkish, 218–19, 221

Mozarab,
77–78

MSP (National Salvation Party), Turkish, 216

Muawiyah, Governor of Syria, 80–81, 82, 83, 86, 120

Mubarak, Hosni, 201, 241

mudaraba
(business partnership), 75

mufti,
20, 69–70

Mughal Empire, 115

muhaddithun,
304
n
–5
n

see also
People of Tradition

Muhammad, Prophet, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24–25, 37, 51, 52, 68, 75, 88, 94, 98, 100

Banu Qurayza massacre and, 57–58

as businessman, 43, 228

controversial aspects of, 59

in Danish cartoons, 31, 280, 328
n

death of, 45, 63–64

early political career of, 56

Farewell Sermon of, 63, 251

final years of, 60

in Hadiths, 102

hijra
(migration) of, 18, 56

historicity of, 58–59

Islam after, 82–83

literacy of, 44

marriages of, 43, 44, 59

Meccan period of, 47–48

modern standards and, 58–59

and origin of Qur’an, 46–47

political order founded by, 55

revelation–personal judgment episodes and, 247–48

revelations of, 43, 44–45, 248

sincerity and devotion of, 46–48

succession debate and, 64, 80–83, 249, 251

as superhuman, 21, 59–60

women’s rights and, 53–54

mujahid,
21, 231–32, 322
n

see also
jihad

Mundhir, al-, 247–48

Murjiites (Postponers), 21, 89, 97, 101, 122, 135, 258–59, 300
n

emergence of, 83–84

religious pluralism and, 84–85

Musa (Moses), 28, 45, 283

MÜSIAD (Independent Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association of Turkey), 21, 227–28, 230

Muslim Brotherhood (Ikhwan al-Muslimun), 21, 200, 201, 216–17, 241–42

mutakallimun,
304
n
–5
n

see also
Mutazilites

Mutawakkil, al-, Abbasid caliph, 110–11, 125–26