Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (59 page)

Sadducees, 24, 191

Sadra, Mulla, 310
n

Sahih Bukhari,
103, 297
n

sakk
(written document), 75–76

Saladin, 74

Salafism, 24, 325
n

Saracens, 24

Saraçog˘lu, S¸ükrü, 321
n

Sarakhsi, Shams al-Din al-, 277

Sardar, Ziauddin, 260

Sarfati, Yitzhak, 143

Sarrak, Ahmad al-, 97

Sassanid Empire, 105, 278

Satanic Verses, The
(Rushdie), 280

Saudi Arabia, 17, 176, 196, 225, 274

Islamic oppression in, 29–30

religious police of, 21, 29, 262–63

Wahhabism of, 17, 26, 116, 141, 162, 174, 176, 324
n

women in, 268

Saudi dynasty, 24

Schacht, Joseph, 103, 128

science, 91, 163–64, 183, 208, 215

scientism, 208

Second Temple, 192

secularism (
laiklik
), 20, 184

Selim I, Ottoman sultan, 142–43

Selim III, Ottoman sultan, 22, 146

Seljuk dynasty, 142

Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, 160

September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, 201

Serbia, 156, 166, 195, 311
n

Sex and the City
(TV show), 197

Seyyid Bey, 252

Shafi, al-, 99–101, 103, 114

and concept of war, 105–6

Shafi school, 24, 99

Shariah (Islamic jurisprudence), 17, 24, 74, 98, 134–35, 141, 249, 264, 286, 296
n,
302
n

apostasy in, 274–75

blasphemy in, 280–81

corporal punishment in, 70–72

definition of, 68

democracy based on, 254–56

English common law and, 76

in Great Britain, 257–58

Hadiths and, 103–5

individual rights and, 69–70

without Islam, 256–59

in Islamic Empire, 68–69

justice and, 68–69

kufr
concept and, 280

literal interpretation of, 72

Mecelle legal code and, 160–62

misogyny in, 72

needed reform of, 72

in Ottoman Empire, 68–70, 144–45, 148, 160–62, 165, 199

pre-modern forms in, 70–71, 72

private property in, 148

property rights in, 74–75

punishment in, 269

Qur’an and, 88–89

religious conversion and, 151–52

rigidification of, 103–4

sex and intimacy in, 78–79

slavery in, 140

stoning practice in, 72, 103, 231

terrorism and, 72–74

totalitarian mission and, 199

women’s rights in, 54, 68–69, 103–4

see also
specific schools

Shatibi, al-, 72

Shaybani, al-, 259

Shiism, Shiites, 18, 20, 24–25, 64, 86, 90, 92, 251

and caliphate after Muhammad, 64

doctrines of, 82, 249–50

origins of, 81

theocracy and, 249–50, 324
n

shura,
25, 154–55, 250

Sibai, Mustafa, 217

Sicarii (daggermen), 25, 192

Sicily, 143, 298
n

Siffin, Battle of, 16, 80–81, 82

sin, crime versus, 268–71

Sirico, Robert A., 43

Sistani, Grand Ayatollah Ali al-, 250

slavery, slave trade, 59, 62, 258

Ottoman ban of, 140

in Qur’an, 54

Tunisian abolition of, 169

Smith, Adam, 131, 309
n

Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, 200

Social Darwinism, 163

socialism, 18, 175, 199, 200

Socialist Republican People’s Party, Turkish, 216

Socrates, 164

Sola Scriptura, 25, 106

Solomon, King (Suleyman), 308
n

Southeast Asia, 64

sovereignty, theory of, 310
n

Soviet Union, 35, 174, 184

Turkey and, 213

Spain, 64, 76, 77, 126, 159, 303
n,
306
n

militant Muslim attack in, 113

Rationalist school in, 113

Reconquista in, 113

Stalin, Joseph, 68

Stevens, Cat (Yusuf Islam), 279

Stillman, Norman A., 58

Stoddard, Lothrop, 174–75

stoning, practice of, 72, 103, 145, 231, 297
n,
327
n

Straus, Oscar S., 159

Submission
(film), 280

Sudan, 32, 36, 174, 201, 274, 324
n

Sufism, 21, 25, 116, 141, 172, 180, 306
n

rise of, 114

Sulu, sultanate of, 159–60

Sumatra, 174

Sundhaussen, Holm, 311
n

Sunna tradition, 17, 25, 60, 115, 297
n

Arabs and, 130–31

ascendence of, 103

fundamentalist mindset of, 99

Hadiths and, 101, 103

People of Reason and, 98–99

People of Tradition and, 101, 102–3

Qur’an and, 100, 103

rejection of innovation in, 98–99

rejection of reason in, 98–99

and theory of abrogation, 103

Sunnis, 16, 18, 20, 24, 25, 86, 92, 99, 137, 144, 251, 265, 306
n

basic doctrines of, 82, 249

and caliphate after Muhammad, 64

origin of, 81

Supreme Court, Pennsylvania, 267

Sura Noor, 327
n

Surest Path to Knowledge Concerning the Condition of Countries, The
(Hayreddin), 169–70

Switzerland, 196

Syria, 22, 43, 80–81, 85, 86, 88, 112, 122, 168, 188, 277, 295
n
–96
n,
318
n

Christians of, 66

Tabari, 265–66

Tahtawi, al-, 169

Talib, Abu, 43

Taliban, 25, 30, 122, 264, 322
n

injunctions of, 264–65

Talmud, 23

Tancredo, Tom, 195–96

Tanzimat (Reorganization) edict, 25, 147–48, 151, 153–54, 155, 158, 162, 169, 226

tarikats,
25, 215, 219

ta’wil,
92

terrorism, 19, 38, 193

Christmas bomber and, 325
n
–26
n

Crusades and, 74

just war theory and, 72–73

Kharijites and, 82, 120

of September 11, 2001, 201

Shariah and, 72–74

Tertullian, 118

Thales, 164

Thawri, Sufyan al-, 277