Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty (58 page)

Perry, Amos, 169

Persia, 81

Pharisees, 23, 191–92, 197

Philippines, 119, 159, 314
n

Pius XII, Pope, 213

PKK (Kurdistan Workers Party), 36

Plato, 164

polygamy, 163, 315
n

polytheism, 43–44

Postponers,
see
Murjiites

Poyraz, Ergun, 224

prayer, 263

press, freedom of, 148

Privates’ Rebellion of 1909, 314
n

Progressive Republican Party (PRP) (
Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası
), 23, 182–83, 224

prohibition, 267

Propagation of Virtue and Prohibition of Vice Department, Afghanistan, 264

property rights, 74–75

Protestant ethic, 135

Protestants, Protestantism, 25, 143

Calvinist, 229

Qadarite movement, 23, 85, 97, 101, 122

Qadimism, 19, 23

Qadir, al-, Abbasid caliph, 111

Qajar dynasty, 188

Qarafi, al-, 294
n

qiyas
(analogical reasoning), 23, 89

Qur’an, 21–26, 37–38, 72, 81, 130, 148, 163, 170, 172, 187, 198, 237, 248, 273, 281, 298
n,
305
n,
310
n,
326
n

Abrahamic tradition and, 51

acts of faith in, 52

Adam and Eve in, 104

adultery in, 327
n

Qur’an (
continued
)

animal rights in, 54

apostasy in, 275–76

bans in, 269–70

blasphemy in, 279, 282–83

command right–forbid wrong concept in, 264–68, 269

commerce and, 75

compulsion in religion in, 263, 266–67

and concept of rights, 52–55

context and, 235

created-uncreated debate and, 91–92, 97–98, 109–10, 112

discipline of children in, 28–29

divine origin of, 46–47

extramarital sex in, 327
n

fatalism rejected by, 85

and freedom to sin, 271–72

government in, 250

Hadiths and, 104–6

individual responsibility in, 49–51

individual rights in, 67–68

inheritance in, 53

as Islam’s divine core, 33

Jesus and, 60

justice in, 52–53

literalism and, 113–14, 235

man as defined by, 49–50

marriage in, 325
n

moral directives in, 88

Muhammad’s revelations and, 44–45

no compulsion verse of, 277–78

non-Muslims in, 236

nuclear family in, 53

personal salvation in, 50

pluralist vision of, 285–86, 329

poets in, 308
n

politics in, 250

prayer in, 263

punishment for sins in, 269–70

reason in, 51–52, 98

religious pluralism in, 83–84

and right to disbelieve, 55

rise of Sufism and, 114

rules of daily life in, 32–33

Shariah and, 88–89

Shura concept and, 25, 154–55, 250

slavery in, 54

Sunna tradition and, 100, 103

ta’wil
interpretation of, 25

terrorism and, 73

tolerance in, 260

tribalism and, 49–50

usury in, 261

warning about Bedouins in, 121

women’s rights in, 53–54, 104–5

world conquest and, 285–86

Quraysh (tribe), 53

Qurra, Abu, 108

Qutaybah, al-, 294
n

Qutb, Sayyid, 201, 216, 244

Rabbanite Jews, 23, 92

Rahman, Abdul, 273, 279

Rahman, Fazlur, 41, 72, 114, 235

“Raising the Self-Governing Believer of the Open Society” (Aydın), 235

Ramadan, 23, 269

Ramadan, Tariq, 123

Rashid, Harvn al-,108

rationalism, 18, 26, 96–97

see also
Traditionist-Rationalist confrontation

ray
(reason), 89

Rayhana (wife of Hanbal), 99

Razi, Fakhr al-Din al-, 301
n

Razik, Ali Abdel al-, 252

reasoning, independent (
ijtihad
), 18, 66, 114, 172, 174

analogical (
qiyas
), 23, 89

see also
People of Reason

recite (
iqra
), 44

Reconquista,
113

Recruit, The
(film), 27

Refutation of the Materialist School, The
(Ertug˘rul), 164

Regensburg address (Benedict XVI) (2006), 91

Religion and Liberty
(
Din ve Hürriyet
) (Hazık), 165

religious freedom, 225–26

apostasy and, 273–76

blasphemy and, 279–80

in Ottoman Empire, 151–52

religious choice and, 93

in Turkey, 184–85

religious police, 21, 29, 33, 258, 262–63

Republican People’s party (RPP)
Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası
), 23–24

founding of, 182

Resmi Efendi, Ahmed, 146

“Responsibility of the Individual to Construct His Own Religiosity, The” (Aydın), 235

Rethinking the Hadiths,
235

Rethinking the Sunna,
235

revelation, 91–92

“Revolt of Islam, The” (Keddie), 174, 193–94

Reza Shah of Iran, 188–89

riba
(usury), 24, 63, 75, 105, 261, 269

Rice, Condoleezza, 318
n
–19
n

Richard I, King of England, 74

Rida, Rashid, 171, 278, 296
n

Rıfat Pas¸a, Sadık, 148

Rightly Guided Caliphs, 16, 24, 64, 66–67, 69, 86, 249

Rıza, Ali, 179

Road to Individualization, The,
235

Rodinson, Maxime, 75, 103, 293
n

Roman Empire, 26, 190–92

Romania, 156, 311
n

Rosenthal, Franz, 94

Roy, Olivier, 241–42, 325
n

RPP,
see
Republican People’s Party

rule of law, 67–68

Rumsfeld, Donald, 196

Rushdie, Salman, 31, 280

Russia, 37, 134, 144, 150, 305
n

Islam suppressed in, 174

Ottomans and, 156, 166–68

Rüya
(
The Dream
) (Kemal), 207

Sabahattin Bey, 165

Sadat, Anwar Al, 201