Junk DNA: A Journey Through the Dark Matter of the Genome (51 page)

CpG motifs
114
,
123
,
133
–
4

cross-talk
117
–
23
,
131
–
2
,
191

crossing-over
43
–
4

CTCF protein (11-FINGERS)
178
–
9
,
286

CTG repeats
9
,
21
,
23
–
4
,
230

CUG repeats
230

cystic fibrosis
26
–
7

cytomegalovirus (CMV)
278

cytoplasm
15
,
146

daughter cells
4

de novo mutation
138

detoxification
275
–
6

Dexter, Michael
26

diabetes

in babies
207

genetics contribution in
212

type 1
234

type 2, obesity and
61
–
2
,
215

Diamond-Blackfan Anaemia
150

diarrhoea
243
–
4

Dicerna (company)
281

diet, and longevity
62

DNA

compaction/looping
168
–
70

knitting with
9
–
11

DNA double helix
68

DNA fingerprinting
45
–
6

DNA methylation
114
–
16

DNA methyltransferases
134

dominant disorders
8

Down’s Syndrome
76
–
7
,
79
,
80
,
330

Duchenne muscular dystrophy
26
–
7
,
91
–
4
,
248
–
54
,
276
,
278
,
330

DUX4 (FSHD retrogene)
284
–
6

dwarfism
243
,
258
,
331

dyskeratosis congenita
55
–
6
,
330

dystrophin
92
–
3
,
248
–
54
,
278

Edward’s syndrome
77
,
79
,
80
,
330

eggs

chromosome numbers
64
,
80

formation
43
–
4
,
64
,
73
,
75
,
181
–
2

mutated cells
138

electron transport chain
154

embryonic stem (ES) cells
105
,
163
–
6

ENCODE project
185
–
99

critiques
191
–
2
,
196
–
9

evolutionary conclusions
195
–
9

measures of function
191
–
4

multiple parameters
188
–
91

endogenous retroviruses (ERVs)
41
–
3

enhancers
159
–
60

epigenetic modifications and
160
–
7

epigenetic modifications
114

and enhancers
160
–
7

self-sustaining
176

smallRNAs and
267

epigenetic systems
115

cross-talk with long non-coding RNAs
117
–
23
,
131
–
2

and expansions
123

erythromycin
152

ETMR paediatric brain tumour
330

evolution, ENCODE project and
195
–
9

exons
238
,
249
–
50

expressivity, variable
206

extra digits
202
–
4
,
330

extracellular matrix
50
–
1

EZH2 enzyme
117

facial development
204
–
7

facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)
11
–
12
,
283
–
6
,
330

factories
171
–
3

familial hypercholesterolaemia
279
–
80

Feingold syndrome
257
,
330

fibrillarin
152

fibroblasts
50
–
1

fingers, extra
202
–
4
,
330

forebrain
264

FOXP3 transcription factor
234

Fragile X protein
20
,
227
–
9

Fragile X syndrome
10
,
19
–
20
,
89
,
123
,
227
,
229
–
30
,
330

frame shift
250

Friedreich’s ataxia
11
,
18
–
19
,
20
,
331

fruit flies, HOX cluster
41

FSHD
11
–
12
,
283
–
6
,
330

FTO gene
215

FUS gene
236

GAA repeats
11
,
18
–
19

gain-of-function mutations
230

gametes

creation
64
,
65
,
75
–
6

see also
eggs; sperm

GATA8 transcription factor
207

Gcn5 gene
50

gender, determination
81
–
2

gene expression

amplification steps
14
–
16

levels
159
–
60

stochastic component
88
–
9

genes, protein-coding, identification
98

genome percentage having function
186
–
7

potential versus actual functional regions
191
–
4

see also
human genome genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
213

Genzyme (company)
280

germ cells
64

telomerase activity
53

germline
133
,
285

GGC sequences
246
–
7

GGT sequences
246
–
7

GlaxoSmithKline (company)
252
–
4

glioblastoma
107

glutamine
245