Losing Vietnam (60 page)

Cambodian War, 1974 highlights,
226–43
; dry-season attacks,
226–28
; military strategies,
228–29
; political control issues,
234–39
; United Nations seat,
239–43
; USSAG concept,
229–34

Cambodian War, 1975 highlights,
243–64
; communications security,
243–46
; dry-season attack on Phnom Penh,
246–53
; Lower Mekong River situation,
253–58
; mine threats,
258–64

Can Tho, South Vietnam,
142

Capital Military District (CMD),
331–32

Caradec, Maj. Barnard,
204

Carey, Brig. Gen. Richard E.,
160

casualties, Cambodian War,
189
,
251t
,
293–94
,
293t
; enemy,
251
,
271
,
281–82
; friendly,
177
,
271
,
279

casualties, Vietnam War: attacks by fire,
50–51
,
55–57
,
56f
,
62
,
86
,
166
; civilian,
57
,
59
; as combat intensity measure,
72–73
,
82
,
104
,
106
; data sources,
104–6
; friendly
vs
. enemy,
125
; gains and losses,
11–13
,
12t1
; ground contacts,
40–41
,
80
; from hostile actions,
105
,
166
; from nonhostile actions,
105
; time of day related to,
54
,
54f
; as troop efficiency measure,
82

casualties, Vietnam War, enemy: attacks by fire,
50–51
,
55–57
,
56f
,
62
,
86
,
166
; combat intensity related to,
46
,
47
; ground attacks,
42
,
49
; killed in action,
12–13
,
40
,
75
,
167
; VNAF airstrikes,
331

casualties, Vietnam War, friendly: attacks by fire,
55–57
,
86
,
166
; combat intensity related to,
46
,
84
,
85–86
,
85t
; hostile actions,
105t
; number killed related to total casualties,
51–52
,
51t
; surgeon general's report,
104–5
; underreporting of,
40
,
41
,
105
,
106
; cease-fire agreement, Vietnam War: Article 20,
19
; cessation of U.S. bombing following,
3
,
14
,
18
,
177
; pre-agreement equipment build-up,
28
,
78
,
79–80
; withdrawal of U.S. troops following,
22

cease-fire agreement, Vietnam War, violations,
1–2
,
7
; casualties resulting from,
50
,
59
,
106
; data collection regarding,
331–32
; enemy-initiated,
9–10
,
41–42
,
42t
,
47
,
122
,
132
,
164
,
166
; friendly
vs
. enemy-initiated,
61–62
,
165–66
,
334–45
; major,
41
,
49
,
333–34
; minor,
49
,
334
; North Vietnamese propaganda regarding,
39
,
124

central highlands (South Vietnam): evacuation of,
133–34
,
136–37
,
146
; 1975 NVA attack,
129–32
; 1972 Easter Offensive,
8
; troop withdrawals from,
141
,
151
,
169–70

Central Office South Vietnam (COSVN): attack on Phuoc Long Province,
89
,
168
; general offensive initiated by,
119–24
,
145
; Resolution for 1975,
10
,
66–67
,
112
,
113
,
129
; troop strength of,
146

CHAM LA II Operation (Cambodia),
183
,
237

Charusathien, Deputy Premier Praphat (Thailand),
311

Chhong, Brig. Gen. Ea,
181
,
251
,
280

Chief, Defense Resource Support and Termination Office, Saigon.
See
Defense Attaché Office (DAO)

China: aid to KC,
281
; skirmish with South Vietnam at Paracel Islands,
103

Chrui Chang War naval base (Cambodia), attack on,
247

Chu Lai, South Vietnam, troop withdrawals from,
138–39

Chun, Chhim, surrender of,
289
,
290

CIF.
See
combat intensity factor (CIF), Cambodian War; combat intensity factor (CIF), Vietnam War

CINCPAC.
See
Commander-in-Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC)

Cirera, Benito,
218

civilians, term defined,
329

Cleland, Maj. Gen. John,
174
,
232

Clements, Deputy Secretary of Defense William P. (U.S.), visit to Saigon,
107

climate, effects on military operations,
52
,
53f

CMD.
See
Capital Military District (CMD)

combat effectiveness, through operations research,
39–41
,
47
,
62
,
210

combat effectiveness ratios: ARVN,
61
,
84
,
86
; NVA,
46
,
55–56
; RVNAF,
46
,
47–48
,
49t
,
87
,
113–14
,
337–39

combat efficiency ratios: ARVN,
46
,
47
,
49
,
51
,
81–82
,
110–11
,
127
; RVNAF,
87
,
95
,
113–14
,
125

combat force structure: Cambodian,
172–73
,
184
,
272t
; South Vietnam,
11–13
,
101–2
.
See also
balance of forces

combat intensity factor (CIF), Cambodian War,
184
,
189–94
,
198f
,
295–96
,
295t
; ammunition use related to,
185
,
186–87
,
191–92
,
195–96
,
197–99
,
295

combat intensity factor (CIF), Vietnam War,
120t
,
295–96
; ammunition use related to,
76
,
80
,
81
,
85t
; casualties related to,
72–73
,
85–86
,
85t
,
104
,
106
,
181
,
189
; for COSVN offensive in Phuoc Long,
119–24

combat levels and tactics, Vietnam War: ammunition use related to,
70–74
,
76
,
81
; combined arms attacks,
9
,
34
,
83–84
,
88
,
89
,
91
,
100
,
183
; incident summaries,
126t
,
165–66
,
165t
; increasing,
80
,
83–84
,
106
,
110
; major contacts,
41
,
80
,
83
; by military regions,
119t
; minor contacts,
80
,
82
; NVA,
17f
,
122–23
,
127
; prioritized defense,
92–93
; U.S. funding cuts' effects on,
92–93
,
101

Commander-in-Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC): and ammunition situations,
74
,
77
,
78
,
185
,
190
,
191
,
193
,
194
,
195
,
282
; assessment of RVNAF,
100
; and Cambodian airdrops,
266
,
269
; and Cambodian evacuation,
284
,
285
; and Congressional cuts in aid to South Vietnam,
97
,
99
; and
Mayaguez
incident,
299–310
; and Mekong River security,
255
,
258
; and South Vietnam evacuation,
150
,
151
,
155
,
157
,
160
,
161
,
163
; USSAG reporting to,
2
,
115
,
127
,
146

communications, Cambodian War: exchange of,
203
,
205–6
; lines of,
200
,
222
,
224–25
; security issues,
216
,
243–46
,
254
,
263

communications, Vietnam War: NVA,
9
,
16
,
18
,
29
,
55
,
113
,
146
; RVNAF,
28
,
37
; USSAG-established,
156
,
163

communists: in Cambodia,
21
,
60
,
171
,
174–75
,
239–43
; disruption efforts by,
60–61
; friction between northern and southern,
19–20
; in Laos,
317–20
; in North Vietnam,
100
,
171
; political acts by,
166
; South Vietnam under,
170
; in Thailand,
313–15
,
316
.
See also
Central Office South Vietnam (COSVN)
;
Khmer communist organization (KC)
;
Khmer Rouge
;
North Vietnam; North Vietnamese Army (NVA)
;
Viet Cong (VC)

COMUSSAG/7AF,
2
,
156
,
160
,
163
,
202
,
301
.
See also
Seventh Air Force (U.S., 7AF)
;
U.S. Support Activities Group (USSAG); U.S. Support Activities Group (USSAG), in Cambodia; U.S. Support Activities Group (USSAG), in South Vietnam

contacts: defined,
327
; incidents,
189
,
331

Cooper-Church amendment of 1970,
173

corruption: in FANK,
183
,
297
; in RVNAF,
37
,
109
,
111–12

COSVN.
See
Central Office South Vietnam (COSVN)

Cronin, Cdr. F. W.,
203

Cu Lao Island, South Vietnam, troop withdrawals to,
139

Cuong, Col. Leu Tho,
135

Daclac Province, South Vietnam, loss of,
132

Daisy Cutter bomb,
144

Da Nang, South Vietnam, fall of,
137–39
,
140
,
159

DAO.
See
Defense Attaché Office (DAO)

Dao, Brig. Gen. Le Minh (South Vietnam),
144–45

Das Kanchor, Cambodia, shelling of,
268

data collection procedures,
331–33

Dean, Ambassador John Gunther,
227
,
233
,
281
; ammunition conservation promoted by,
185
,
197
; and Cambodian losses,
283
,
284
; evacuation of Cambodia,
285
; on KC Air Force,
181
,
231–32
; and Mekong River convoys,
255
; and Phnom Penh siege,
272

Defense Attaché Office (DAO): and Cambodian airdrops,
266
; and combat analyses,
7
,
33
,
46
,
48
,
70
,
71
; comparison of RVNAF and NVA/VC,
37–39
; under Gen. Murray,
6
,
33
,
84
; and reduction in U.S. aid,
74
,
94–95
,
96
,
97
; responsibilities of,
2
,
5–6
,
83
; and South Vietnam evacuation,
156
,
157
,
158
,
160
,
162
; U.S. contractors working for,
26
,
99
,
153
,
184
; Won-Lost Ledger,
111
,
116
,
117t

Dei Doh, Cambodia, fall of,
248

demilitarized zone (DMZ),
3
,
31

desertions: from ARVN,
24
,
37
,
138
,
147–48
; caused by U.S. funding cuts,
92
; from FANK,
177
,
178
,
179
,
180
,
183
,
248
,
274
,
279
; from KC,
274
; from RVNAF,
111–12
,
183

Diem, President Ngo Dinh, overthrow of,
149

Dien Bien Phu, South Vietnam, siege of,
241

Dinh Tuong Province (South Vietnam),
64

DMZ.
See
demilitarized zone (DMZ)

Dobbing, W. R.,
118

Dong [Minister],
154

Dong Tam Base, South Vietnam, attack on,
123

dry-season offensives, Cambodian War: ammunition usage,
188
,
191
,
195
,
197–99
; attacks on Mekong River convoys,
212
; 1975,
182
,
246–53
,
282
,
293–94
; 1974,
226–28