Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus (77 page)

11
.
BMCRE
I 115; Cohen 529;
RIC
I 407 (R2);
RSC
529.

12
. Zosimus 2.

13
. Dio 54.18.2.

14
. See Reinhard (1933), p. 104 n. 28.

15
. See Barker (1996), pp. 434–446; and Galinsky (1967), pp. 619–633.

16
. Zosimus,
Istoria Nea
2.5 – translated by anon.,
New History
. London: Green and Chaplin (1814).

17
.
CIL
VI.10094. The inscription is on display at Museo Nazionale Romano, Terme di Diocleziano, Rome, Inv. No. 29340.

18
.
CIL
VI.32323.90–102.

19
.
CIL
VI.32323.103–110.

20
.
CIL
VI.32323.119–122.

21
.
CIL
VI.32323.90–102, 115–118 and 134–138.

22
. See Frank (1921), pp. 324–329.

23
. Hor.,
Carmen Saecularum
65– 69: ‘
si Palatinas videt aequos aras, | remque Romanam Latiumque felix | alterum in lustrum meliusque semper | proroga aevum
’ – translated by John Conington. With great irony the
Carmen Saeculare
still survives – the Roman Empire does not.

24
.
CIL
6.32323.165.

25
.
CIL
VI.10046: each man’s name is prefaced by M. Vispanius: see Sources 3. Inscriptions.

26
. Dio 54.18.1 = Zonoras 10.35; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 29, 64.1; Tac.,
Ann
. 1.3.2; Vell. Pat. 2.96.1; Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 2.67; Eusebius and Jerome, Year of Abraham 2001.

27
. See Eck (2003), p.116.

28
. Dio 54.18.1.

29
. Sen.,
Contro
. 2.4.12–13: ‘
In hac controversia Latro contrariam rem
(
non
)
controversiae dixit sed sibi. declamabat illam Caesare Augusto audiente et M. Agrippa, cuius filios, nepotes suos, Caesar
[
Lucium et Gaium
]
adoptaturus diebus illis videbatur. erat M. Agrippa inter eos, qui non nati sunt nobiles sed facti. cum diceret partem adulescentis Latro et tractaret adoptionis locum, dixit: non asciti ex imo per adoptionem nobilitati
(
in
)
serunt
(
ur, et
) [
in hanc
]
alia in hanc summam. Maecenas innuit Latro
(
ni
)
festinare Caesarem; finiret iam declamationem. quidam putabant hanc malignam rem Maecenatis esse; effecisse enim illum, non ne audiret quae dicta erant Caesar, sed ut notaret. | Tanta autem
[
marcus
]
sub divo Augusto libertas fuit, ut praepotenti tunc M. Agrippae non defuerint qui ignobilitatem exprobrarent
.’ My thanks to Bob Durrett for the translation.

30
. See
Chapter 1, n. 9
.

31
. Dio 54.20.4–5; Florus 2.30; Strab.,
Geog
. 7.1.4; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 23.

32
. Vell. Pat. 2.97.1.

33
. Vell. Pat. 2.97.1.

34
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 23; Dio 54.20.4–5.

35
. Dio 54.20.6.

36
. Dio 54.20.6.

37
. Suet.,
Tib
. 9.1

38
. Dio 54.22.1–3. For a detailed discussion of the Alpine War of 15 BCE see Powell (2011), pp. 18–48.

39
. His departure was before September 16 BCE as the
ludi pro valetudine Caesaris
, paid for by Agrippa, were held in his absence by the
quindecemviri
.

40
. Butrint is now a World Heritage Site (
http://www.butrint.org
).

41
.
CIL
1878.

42
. Strab.,
Geog
. 7.7.6: ‘
ἡ μὲν οὖν Νικόπολις εὐανδρεῖ καὶ λαμβάνει καθ ̓ ἡμέραν ἐπίδοσιν, χώραν τε ἔχουσα πολλὴν καὶ τὸν ἐκ τῶν λαφύρων κόσμον, τό τε κατασκευασθὲν τέμενος ἐν τῷ προαστείῳ τὸ μὲν εἰς τὸν ἀγῶνα τὸν πεντετηρικὸν ἐν ἄλσει ἔχοντι γυμνάσιόν τε καὶ στάδιον, τὸ δ̓ ἐν τῷ ὑπερκειμένῳ τοῦ ἄλσους ἱερῷ λόφῳ τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος. ἀποδέδεικται δ ̓ ὁ ἀγὼν Ὀλύμπιος, τὰ Ἄκτια, ἱερὸς τοῦ Ἀκτίου Ἀπόλλωνος, τὴν δ̓ ἐπιμέλειαν ἔχουσιν αὐτοῦ Λακεδαιμόνιοι. αἱ δ ̓ ἄλλαι κατοικίαι περιπόλιοι τῆς Νικοπόλεώς εἰσιν. ἤγετο δὲ καὶ πρότερον τὰ Ἄκτια τῷ θεῷ, στεφανίτης ἀγών, ὑπὸ τῶν περιοίκων: νυνὶ δ̓ ἐντιμότερον ἐποίησεν ὁ Καῖσαρ
.’

43
. Strab.,
Geog
. 7.7.6: ‘
καὶ ἱερὸν τοῦ Ἀκτίου Ἀπόλλωνος ἐνταῦθά ἐστι πλησίον τοῦ στόματος, λόφος τις ἐφ̓ ᾧ ὁ νεώς, καὶ ὑπ̓ αὐτῷ πεδίον ἄλσος ἔχον καὶ νεώρια, ἐν οἷς ἀνέθηκε Καῖσαρ τὴν δεκαναΐαν ἀκροθίνιον, ἀπὸ μονοκρότου μέχρι δεκήρους: ὑπὸ πυρὸς δ̓ ἠφανίσθαι καὶ οἱ νεώσοικοι λέγονται καὶ τὰ πλοῖα
.’

44
. Dio 51.1.3; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 18.2, 96.2; Plut., Ant. 65.3; Philippus, Ant. Pal. 6.236; Strab.,
Geog
. 7.7.6.

45
. See Murray and Petsas (1989).

46
. Twenty-three sockets for rams have been catalogued: see Murray and Petsas (1989), pp. 35–59, figs. 20–30 and fig. 54 (p. 88) for a reconstruction drawing of the complex based on current knowledge. Cf. Dio 51.1; Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 18.2. For a discussion of the significance of the monument, see Gurval (1995), pp. 65–72.

47
. Murray and Petsas (1989), pp. I–xi + 1–172, see p. 76, 86: ‘
Imp Caesa
]
r – Div
[
i – luli
.]
f vict
[
oriam consecutus bell
]
o quod region
[
e cons
]
ul
[
quintum i
]
mperat
[
or se
]
ptimum pace
[.]
parta terra
[
marique . Nep
]
tuno
[
et Ma
]
rt
[
i . c
]
astra
[
ex
]
quibu
[
s ad . hostem . in
]
seq
[
uendum egr
]
essu
[
s est . navalibus spoli
]
is
[
exornalta . c
]
onsacravit
.’

48
. Suet.,
Div. Aug
. 96.2.

49
.
RPC
1366 with
acrostolium
on reverse and 1367 with dolphin and trident on reverse; Romeo (1998), pp. 26–27, figs. 44–47.

50
. Not, as is often said,
Legio
XXII. Eusebius, Year of Abraham 2011 (
Versio Armenaica
).

51
. On the city founded by Iulius Caesar in 44 BCE (see The Corinth Computer Project online at
http://corinth.sas.upenn.edu/44bc.html
).

52
.
Tribus Agrippia
:
American Journal of Archaeology
23 (1919), p. 167: ‘
M Agrippae Cos Tert Trib Potest D D Tribus Vinicia Patrono
’ During 1913–1914 William Bell Dinsmoor, the architect at the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, proved that the base of the Agrippa monument was much older than the first century CE and that it had had an earlier use. Also from the forum of Corinth, dating to the time of Tiberius, the inscription honouring T. Manlius Iuvencus for his rôle in the Caesarean Games and his many public offices:
T Manlio T F Col Iuvenco Aed Praef I D II Vir Pontif Agonthet Isthmion et Caesarein Qui Primus Caesarea Egit Ante Isthmia Tribus Agrippia Tri
[
bule
]
s
: O. Broneer, ‘Excavations in the Agora at Corinth, 1933,’
American Journal of Archaeology
37.4. (Oct.–Dec., 1933), p. 568–569; J.H. Kent,
The Inscriptions: 1926–1950
(Corinth 8:3), Princeton, NJ, American School of Classical Studies, 1966, no. 154.).

53
. Dio 51.5.2. Just 6.4km (4 miles) long, the Diolkos connected the Corinthian Gulf to the Saronic Gulf, representing a considerable saving over the 400km (250 miles) long journey around the
Peloponnese. It also reduced the risk of encountering a dangerous weather event, which could be 25–35 per cent in summer and up to 40 per cent in winter. It was built from immense blocks of stone, forming a continuous roadway 3.5–5m (10–16.5ft) wide, with two parallel tracks engraved in it, spaced 1.5m apart for trolley wheels. The gradient is just 0.023 per cent, or 70m (230ft) in 3km (1.9 miles). The Diolkos was in operation in the first century and was last recorded in use in 883 CE. See Engels (1990), pp. 58–9; Pettegrew (2011); Werner (1997).

54
. Gytheion:
IG
5.1.1166l; Tainaros:
CIL
III.491 =
IG
5.1.

55
. Megara:
IG
7.64–65; Sparta/Eurykles:
RPC
1106, Romeo (1998), p. 27, figs. 48–49; Antony J.S. Spawforth ‘Roman Corinth: The Formation of a Colonial Elite’,
Proceedings of the International Colloquium organized by the Finnish Institute and the Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity
, Athens, 7–9 September 1993 (Research Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity National Hellenic Research Foundation) (1996), p. 173.

56
.
CIL
III.494 =
IG
5.1.374.

57
. Strab.,
Geog
8.6.1, 4, 15 notes it was a good harbour.

58
. Strab.,
Geog
8.6.15.

59
.
Ephemeris Archaeologike
(1885), 84–85 = IG 4.1363.

60
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 23.58: ‘
siquidem M. Agrippa supremis suis annis conflictatus gravi morbo pedum, cum dolorem eum perpeti nequiret
’; cf. 7.45. The U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) defines gout as ‘a kind of arthritis that occurs when uric acid builds up in blood and causes joint inflammation’, noting ‘the exact cause is unknown’, ‘it is more common in men’ and ‘the pain starts suddenly, often during the night and is often described as throbbing, crushing, or excruciating’:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001459/
.

61
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 23.58: ‘
unius medicorum portentosa scientia ignorante Divo Augusto tanti putavit usu pedum sensuque omni carere, dummodo et dolore illo careret, demersis in acetum calidum cruribus in acerrimo impetu morbid
.’ Cf. 7. 45).

62
. See Curchin (1986), p. 406.

63
. Paus. 1.8.6.

64
. For a detailed discussion see John McKCamp II,
The Athenian Agora: A Short Guide to the Excavations
. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens (2003).

65
.
Diribitorium
: Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 16.76. 16.95; Dio 55.8.4. Odeion: It was rebuilt on a smaller scale as a lecture hall able to accommodate an audience of just 500 and in 150 CE it too collapsed.

66
. Philostratos,
Vitae Sophistarum
2.5.3, 8.2.

67
.
IG
3.576.

68
. The original plinth, originally dedicated in honour of a Pergamene charioteer’s victory in the Panathenaic Games, is believed to have been erected by Eumenes II, king of Pergamon in 178 BCE. See Hans Rupprecht Goette,
Athens, Attica and the Megarid: An Archaeological Guide
(London: Routledge, 2001), p.17.

69
.
IG
3.575: ‘O ΔHMOΣ MAPKON AΓPIΠΠAN ΛEYKIOY YION TONEA TOY EYEPΓETHN.’ It is on the west side of the plinth, about two-thirds up and is just legible under the right lighting conditions. Curiously, it is not mentioned by Paunsanias. See Hurwit (1988), p. 278.

70
.
Ephemeris Archaeologike
(1886) 57–59 =
IG
7.349.

71
. Andros: statue of Iulia,
IG
12.5.740; Delos: statue of Agrippa,
Rheinisches Museum
22 (1867), p. 292; Mytilene:
IGR
4.64 =
IG
12.2.204.

72
.
Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique
4 (1880), p. 517.

73
. Dio 54.29.5 notes in passing the Chersonese ‘had come in some way or other into Agrippa’s hands’. Intriguingly, the Romans gave the Thracian Chersonese to their ally Eumenes II of Pergamon in 188 BC – the same man who paid for the plinth and statue on the acropolis of Athens – after the Seleucid king Antiochus III was ousted from there at the request of the Greek population.

74
. Antigonia Troas was itself built on the earlier site of Sigeia. The
colonia
was founded between 27–14 BCE. It is mentioned by Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 5.33 (124). Acts 16:8–11 states Paul of Tarsus sailed from here.

75
. Strab.,
Geog
13.1.26: ‘
καὶ δὴ καὶ συνέμεινε καὶ αὔξησιν ἔσχε, νῦν δὲ καὶ Ῥωμαίων ἀποικίαν δέδεκται καὶ ἔστι τῶν ἐλλογίμων πόλεων
.’

76
. Strab.,
Geog
. 13.1.18–19.

77
. Strab.,
Geog
. 13.1.19: ‘
ἐντεῦθεν δὲ μετήνεγκεν Ἀγρίππας τὸν πεπτωκότα λέοντα, Λυσίππου ἔργον: ἀνέθηκε δὲ ἐν τῷ ἄλσει τῷ μεταξὺ τῆς λίμνης καὶ τοῦ εὐρίπου
.’

78
. Pliny,
Nat. Hist
. 35.26.

79
. Dio 54.23.7 is contradicted by the inscription of Antonia Tryphanaea, notes Reinhard (1933), p. 109, n. 27, citing
IGR
4.146.7–8.

80
. Mytilene: IGR 4.114, which heralds Iulia as the ‘new Aphrodite’; Smyrna: Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden I.1900/I.25; Samos:
IGR
4.1717; Kalymnos:
Tituli Calymnii, Annuario Scuola Archeologica di Atene
22–23, N.S. 6–7 (1944–45), p. 164, n. 141; Kos: R. Herzog,
Koische Forschungen und Funde
, Leipzig, 1888, p. 229, nr. 223; Keramos:
The Journal of Hellenic Studies
11 (1890), p. 128, no. 15.