Marie Antoinette (90 page)

Hinner, Joseph

Hofburg (castle)

Hoffman, William M.

Hossein, Robert

Huart, M. (dancing master)

Hubert, Pierre

Hüe, François

Hume, David;
History of England

Imbault (music engraver)

Inistal, Comte d’

Isabella, Princess of Parma (Louis XV’s granddaughter): marriage to Joseph; attracted to Marie Christine; children; death; gives French royal portraits to Maria Teresa; on position of royal wife; on royal etiquette

Jacob, Georges

Jacobin Club

Jacobins

James II, King of England

Jarjayes, Chevalier François Régnier de

Jarjayes, Madame de

Jefferson, Thomas

Jemappes

Joanna, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)

Johnson, Samuel

Joly, Sieur (dancer)

Jones, John Paul

Joseph I, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire

Joseph II, Emperor of Holy Roman Empire (MA’s brother): stands as proxy godfather to MA; first marriage (to Isabella); place in family; and wife’s attraction to Marie Christine; second marriage (to Josepha); elected Emperor; and death of Josepha; bookishness; stands godfather to Swinburne’s son; parsimony over MA’s progress to Paris; and death of daughter Teresa, 44, 50; gives entertainment for departing MA; attends MA’s proxy marriage; meets MA on journey to Paris; mocks Versailles women’s make-up; on Louis XVI’s sexual problem; and MA’s influence in France; on MA’s unhappiness; accuses MA of flirting with Englishmen; on MA’s virtue; visits MA in Paris; fondness for MA; and Bavarian succession; attempts to ban excessive court dress; emphasizes French alliance; MA writes to on mother’s death; on birth of MA’s son; stands godfather to MA’s second child; on death of Maurepas; plotting in international affairs; and Scheldt affair; militaristic temperament; told of birth of Louis Charles; and birth of MA’s daughter Sophie; and Marie Christine’s visit to MA; receives souvenir album of Trianon; MA declines to meet in Brussels; on MA’s appearance; in conflict with Turkey; letter from MA on Dauphin’s delicate health; on MA’s role as mother; death; clash with Pius VI; neutrality over MA’s fate

Josepha, Archduchess of Austria (MA’s sister)

Josepha of Bavaria, Empress of Joseph II

Josephine, Empress of Napoleon I

Josephine of Savoy
see
Provence, Comtesse de

Journal de Paris

Julian,
le beau
(hairdresser)

Kaunitz-Rietburg, Wenzel Anton, Prince von

Khevenhüller-Metsch, Count Johann Joseph

Kinsky, Count

Klinckowström, Baron R. M. de

Krantzinger, Joseph

Krottendorf, Générale

Kucharski, Aleksander

Laage de Volude, Comtesse de

La Baccelli, Giovanna

Laborde (banker)

La Caze, Dr

Lacy, General Franz Moritz, Count

La Fayette, Marie Adrienne Françoise, Marquise de

La Fayette, Marie Jean Gilbert, Marquis de: fights in American War of Independence; received by MA; impressed by Cagliostro; on Assembly of Notables; in National Assembly; as commander of National Guard; and women’s march on Versailles; and MA in Tuileries; proposes new oath; rumoured to be MA’s lover; and flight of royals; and return of Louis XVI to Paris; at Champ de Mars; blamed for Varennes escape; slandered in play; and MA’s proposed flight to Compiègne; flees France; Louis XVI’s correspondence with;
Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme

Lafont d’Aussone (biographer)

La Marck, Comte de

La Marck, Comtesse de

La Martinière, Antoine Auguste Bruzen de

Lamballe, Marie Thérèse, Princesse de: background and character; relations with MA; attends Gluck opera; made Superintendent of MA’s Household; patronizes Rose Bertin; and birth of MA’s children; with MA at Petit Trianon; and Diamond Necklace Affair; on Dauphin Louis Joseph, ; at Louis Joseph’s funeral; joins MA in Paris (1789); not warned of MA’s flight; and MA’s ageing after arrest; returns to MA; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; leaves Tuileries with MA; removed to the Temple; interrogated by Commune; killed and decapitated; in La Force prison; effigy exhibited

Lambesc, Prince de

Lameth, Alexandre de

Lamorlière, Rosalie

Lamotte Valois, Jeanne de, “Comtesse,”

Lamotte Valois, Nicolas de, “Comte,”

Larivière, Louis

Larivière, Madame (Louis’ mother)

La Rochefoucauld, Alexandre, Comte de

Larsenneur, Sieur (hairdresser)

Lassonne, Dr. Jean-Marie

La Tour du Pin, Henrietta Lucy, Marquise de (née Dillon,
earlier
Comtesse de Gouvernet)

Launay, Bernard René, Marquis de

Launoy, Dame

Lauzun, Armand Louis, Duc de

Laxenburg (palace), near Vienna

Le Brun, Jean Baptiste

Lecointre, Laurent

Legislative Assembly

Lemoine (valet)

Le Mounier, Dr.

Lemoyne, Jean Baptiste

Lenoir, Jean

Léonard (hairdresser)

Leopold I, Emperor

Leopold, Archduke of Austria (
later
Emperor Leopold II; MA’s brother): place in family; resents Marie Christine’s favour with mother; marriage; Fersen meets; Joseph reports to on MA in Paris; MA complains to of public indifference to death of son; succeeds Joseph II in Austria; moves Mercy from France; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; MA warns against Freemasons; attitude to French turmoil; and MA’s attempted flight; MA hopes for help from; and declaration of Pillnitz; Legislative Assembly brings decree against; death and succession

Le Pipelet, Hippoy

Lep"tre, Jacques

Lerchenfeld, Countess

Levasseur, Rosalie

Lever d’Aurore, Le
(pamphlet)

Lévis, Gaston, Duc de

Levret, Sieur

Liancourt, François, Duc de

Ligne, Charles Joseph, Prince de

Lisbon earthquake (1755)

Liselotte, Duchesse d’Orléans

Loménie de Brienne, (Cardinal) Etienne Charles de, Archbishop of Toulouse: recommends Vermond; ambitions for office; appointed Finance Minister; MA supports; administrative measures and aims; resigns as Finance Minister and made Cardinal

Lorraine, Anne Charlotte, Mademoiselle de,

Lorraine, principality (formerly duchy) of,

Louis XIII, King of France

Louis XIV, King of France

Louis XV, King of France: dislikes breastfeeding; regency during childhood; favours and maintains alliance with Austria; in line of succession; advises Ferdinand of Parma on marriage; appearance; and Austrian marriage for grandson; fondness for Maria Josepha; Maria Teresa requests kindness towards MA; complains of Austrian dowries; Maria Teresa and MA address in letters; at parting from daughter; first meets MA; profligacy; and Du Barry; and dispute over Mlle. de Lorraine; and MA’s compassion; and MA’s marriage relations; apathetic nature; and dispensation of justice; welcomes MA’s acknowledgment of Du Barry; fondness for cats; health decline and death; practises birth control; statue smashed

Louis XVI, King of France (
formerly
Dauphin Louis Auguste): attitude to Austria; becomes Dauphin on death of elder brother; meets Hume; overweight and appearance; betrothal to MA; religious faith; portraits presented to MA; first meets MA; devotion to aunts; wedding ceremonies; marriage relations; life at Versailles; hunting; and MA’s hostility to Du Barry; disagreements with brother Provence; reading; sexual limitations and inhibitions; official visit to Paris (1773); consummates marriage with MA; succeeds to throne; banishes Du Barry; rule and government; coronation; endorses dismissal of Guines; metal-working; and MA’s gambling; congratulates Esterhazy on birth of son; anger at
libelles
against MA; pays MA’s jewellery bills; and French intervention in American Revolution; Joseph meets and instructs; and MA’s pregnancy; and Bavarian crisis (1777–8); banishes Duc de Chartres from court; at birth of daughter; improved relations with MA after birth of daughter; daughter’s attachment to; and MA’s new manners at Versailles; enjoys MA’s amateur theatricals; attitude to Polignac set; declines to take mistress; declares mourning for Maria Teresa; and birth and baptism of son; and MA’s attempted influence on Joseph’s behalf; liking for Fersen; pacific nature; records MA’s visits to Petit Trianon; witnesses Montgolfier’s balloon ascent; Wilberforce describes; devotion to daughter; hostility to Beaumarchais’
Figaro
; buys furniture; and Diamond Necklace Affair; inspects Cherbourg and other ports; and financial problems; apathy; and MA’s growing political activism; depression; favours Duchesse de Polignac; recalls Necker; and Fersen’s relations with MA; and Third Estate; accused of impotency and drunkenness; near-fatal accident; in 1789 procession; attends opening of Estates General; and son Louis Joseph’s death and funeral; in Marly; vacillates before revolutionary acts; leaves fall of Bastille unmentioned; makes concessions to National Assembly; unhappiness at Yolande de Polignac’s departure; remains at Versailles; maintains court routine; lacks self-esteem; receives deputation of market women; leaves Versailles for Paris; life in Tuileries; at Maundy ceremony; and daughter’s first communion; believes in compromise; MA insists on staying with; refuses to escape; constitutional position reconsidered; threatens to disown Artois for conspiracies; signs decree for Civil Constitution of the Clergy; and taking of Easter Communion; and flight of Mesdames Tantes; ill-health; wavers over escape plans; attempts flight; arrested at Varennes and returned to Paris; interrogated about flight; and new Constitution; vilified; accepts new Constitution and revised status; and royalist activities in Coblenz; disfavours armed congress; declares émigré princes traitors; use of veto; rumours of further escapes by; Fersen meets in Tuileries; declares war on Austria; threatened by mob in Tuileries; at commemoration of fall of Bastille; final journal entry; threats to depose; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; on death of Princesse de Lamballe; teaches Dauphin in Temple; renamed “Capet,”; separated from family; correspondence discovered in
armoire de fer
; ill-health in Temple; tried and sentenced to death; writes will; executed; exhumed and reburied (1815); memorial sculpture; favours simpler tastes

Louis XVIII, King of the French
see
Provence, Louis Xavier, Comte de

Louis Auguste, Dauphin
see
Louis XVI, King of France

Louis Charles (MA/Louis XVI’s son; Duc de Normandie;
then
Dauphin,
later
King Louis XVII): born; childhood; in group portrait; robust health; becomes Dauphin on death of brother; in line of succession; MA describes; Madame de Tourzel appointed governess to; in mob attack on Versailles; life in Tuileries; National Guard give dominoes from stone of Bastille; escape plans for; proposed education for; proposed Regent for; in escape attempt; nightmares; wins popular approval on return to Paris; and mob invasion of Tuileries; threats to remove from parents; leaves Tuileries for Assembly; detention in the Temple; given lessons in Temple; barred from seeing father; in father’s last will and testament; sees father before execution; reserved recognition as Louis XVII; sings lament; injures testicle; separated from MA in prison; MA interrogated about; retained as hostage; supposed sexual abuse by mother; invoked in MA’s interrogation; in MA’s final letter to Madame Elisabeth; death; posthumous claimants as “false Dauphins,”

Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France (Louis XVI’s father): anti-Austrian feelings; death; wedding to Maria Josepha; and bread shortage

Louis Joseph Xavier François, Dauphin of France (MA/Louis XVI’s son): birth and baptism; paternity questioned; delicate health,; appearance; inoculation against smallpox; childhood; in group portrait; at Meudon; death and obsequies; precocity and sweetness of character

Louis Philippe, King of the French
see
Chartres, Louis Philippe, Duc de

Louis, Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt

Louis Xavier (Louis XVI’s brother)
see
Provence, Comte de

Louise, Madame (Louis XV’s daughter)
see
Thérèse Augustine, Sister

Louise, Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt: friendship with MA; and MA’s 1785 pregnancy; and death of sister Charlotte; MA descibes children to

Luckner, General

Ludwig, King of Bavaria

Lully, Jean Baptiste