Nation and Family: Personal Law, Cultural Pluralism, and Gendered Citizenship in India (69 page)

Hindu Married Women’s Right to Separate Residence and Maintenance Act (HMWRSRMA),
175
,
177
,
309n111

Hindu nationalism: and claim to advocate secular and gender-equal laws,
135–136
,; and demand to adopt a UCC,
15
,
113
,
115–116
,
139
,
222
,
241
,
279–280
,
282
,
285
; growth of,
205
,
225–226
,
279–280
; Indian nationalists and,
15
; influence of,
223
,
225
,
233–234
,
259
,
263
; minority law and,
222
,
233–234
,
259
,
263
; and Muslim resistance to personal-law reform,
247
; and opposition to early postcolonial Hindu law reform,
113
; Pataskar and,
108
,
110
,
111
;
Shah Bano
and,
1–2
,
222
; women’s rights and,
141

Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act,
190–195
,
312n159

Hindu Succession Act (HSA),
101
,
107
,
122–124
,
125
,
175
,
181–184
,
300n84
,
310n123

Holden, Livia,
161
,
162
,
163
,
164
,
306n76

home, matrimonial: location of,
170–171
,
172–173
,
196–197
; rights to share of,
104
,
134
,
142–143
,
158
,
197
,
280
,
315n44
,
316n63

homogeneity, cultural,
59–62

Honamma v. Timannabhat
(1877),
154

Hussain, Kazi Ahmad,
130

ibn Abidin, Muhammad Amin,
209
,
313n5

iddat
,
117
; maintenance during and perhaps after,
237–238
,
239
,
242
,
243
,
245
,
246
,
248
,
249
,
251
; and validity of unilateral repudiation,
216–217

ijtihad
,
11
,
94
,
207–208
,
211
,
215

illatom
adoption,
173

Imam, Hussain,
97
,
220

Indian Christian Marriage Act (ICMA),
218
,
236
,
253
,
260

Indian Divorce (Amendment) Act,
258–259

Indian Divorce Act (IDA): adjudication with reference to,
235
,
254–259
; amendment of,
256–257
; and cruelty as grounds for divorce,
301n8
; gendered grounds for divorce in,
128
,
254
; limitations of,
128
; stipulations of,
218–219

Indian nationalism: and colonial institutions,
69
,
278–279
; and formation of nation and family in India,
278
; and Hindu majoritarianism,
44
,
61–62
,
92–93
,
201–202
,
203
; legal reform and,
14–16
; modernity and authenticity and,
69
; Muslim approaches to,
203
,
209
; and perception of Christians,
203–204
,
214
; and perception of Muslims,
92
,
203
; and pluralism,
67
,
81
,
201–202
; support of, for social reform efforts,
24–25
,
103

Indian Succession Act (ISA),
129
,
130
,
184
,
217
,
227
,
229
,
259

indigenous cultures: changing,
66
; and Indian minority law reform,
81
; Indian Muslim law and,
82
; Indonesian Islamic law and,
83
; recognition of,
278

Indonesia: coalitions and family-law reforms in,
274
; consolidation of state authority in,
272
; cultural diversity in,
22
,
61
,
62
; as example of moderate reform,
19
,
50–52
,
76–77
; formation of,
270–271
; kin relations in,
37
; matrimonial property,
34
,
247
; minority law reform in,
61–62
,
78–83
,
269
; minority laws in Malaysia and,
294n72
; modernity and authenticity in,
67
; multiculturalism and family law in,
268
,
276–277
; nationalism and secularism adopted in,
27
,
276–277
,
287–288
; perception of minorities,
65
; regimes and personal-law reform in,
50–52
,
76–77
; religious law and ethnic custom in,
38
,
39
,
61
,
62
,
201
,
273

inheritance: and agenda for further personal-law reform in India,
281–285
; of agricultural land among Muslims,
11
,
43
,
210–211
,
293nn59–60
; changes in provisions in particular states concerning, after passage of Hindu Succession Act,
184–188
; and changes to Hindu Code Bill,
117
; Christian law and,
217
,
218
,
227
,
229
,
259
; colonial marriage law and,
126
; consequences of Hindu Succession Act,
181–184
; under
Dayabhaga
and
Mitakshara
schools,
96
,
112
,
114
,
310n134
; and formation of Hindu Succession Act,
120–126
; Hindu law reform and,
88–89
,
101–102
,
104–105
,
279
; and Indonesian minority law reform,
80–81
; Indonesian
personal-law reform and,
51
,
52
; and mobilization regarding Christian law,
228
; and mobilization regarding Muslim law,
222–223
; under Muslim law,
104
,
210–211
,
215
; in postcolonial policy formation,
114–116
,
120–126
; process of national reform of laws concerning,
188–195
; reform to,
142–143
,
180
,
197–198
; regional customs and,
38
; Shariat Act and,
43
,
210–211
,
293nn59–60
; under Shia law,
37
; Special Marriage Act and,
130
; testamentary rights and,
54
,
115
,
117
,
122
,
123
,
125–126
,
132
,
133
,
135
,
182
,
187
,
189
,
190
,
191
,
193–195
,
198
,
280–281
,
282
,
283–284
,
312n159
; Turkish and Tunisian personal-law reforms and,
54
; views on Indian laws regarding,
85–86
; women’s rights and,
39–40
,
132
,
133
,
280–281
,
298n39

intercaste marriage, recognition of,
88
,
107
,
112
,
117–118
,
126
,
127
,
129
,
252
,
279

intrakin marriage,
117–118
,
130
,
187

Iqbal, Mohammad,
208

Iran, kinship in, and Ithna Ashari law,
37
; conservative Islamization in,
54–56
; modernity and authenticity in,
66–67
,
69–70

Iraq,
77

irretrievable marital breakdown,
138
,
144
,
146
,
147–148
,
281
,
283
,
302n19
,
302n22

Islam, Baharul,
232
,
233
,
248

Islamic
Fiqh
Academy,
223–224
,
316n64

Islamic law.
See
Muslim law

Ismail, Mohammad,
219–220

Israel: immigration and,
295n84
; majoritarian nationalism in,
59–60
; minority laws in,
60
,
201
; polygyny in,
42
; religious courts in,
270

Itwari v. Smt. Asghari Begum and Others
(1960),
317n69

Iyer, V. R. Krishna,
232
,
233
,
248
,
257

Jacobsohn, Gary,
41–43
,
45
,
100

Jairam Somaji More v. Sindhubai
(1999),
165

Jaitley, Arun,
233–234
,
259
,
314n29

Jal Kaur v. Pala Singh
(1961),
178

Jethmalani, Ram,
194
,
235
,
260
,
314n29

Jiauddin Ahmed v. Anwar Begum
(1978),
248
,
250

Jina Magan Pakhali v. Bai Jethi
,
162

Jinnah, Mohammad Ali,
24
,
210

Joint Committees of the Central Legislative Assembly,
111–112
,
114
,
122

joint family system: abolition of,
187
; decline of,
135
; and efforts to dissolve joint property,
114
,
120–121
,
122
,
193–194
,
197
,
282
,
283–284
; and joint property,
96
,
102–105
,
112
,
122
,
193–194
; landholding groups and,
36
,
104–105
; Majumdar on,
102–103
; and
Mitakshara
law,
112
; Natchiappan on,
192
; in organization of colonial Indian mercantile activity,
36
; recognition of,
192
,
194
; strong sentiment attached to,
114–115
,
117
,
121
,
312n158
; support for,
104–105
,
121
,
142
; women’s rights and,
184
.
See also
inheritance; land ownership

Joint Women’s Program (JWP),
226
,
227–228
,
231

Jordan,
50

judicial separation,
119–120
,
143
,
150

Kaarvendhan, S. K.,
192

Kadia Harilal Purshottam v. Kadia Lilavati Gokaldas
(1961),
178

Kailash Wati v. Ayodhia Parkash
(1977),
171

Karumpa Kocahppi v. Sirkar
(1911),
162

Kasubai v. Bhagwan Bhagaji Wanjari
(1955),
309n111

Kerala,
105
,
124
,
134
,
162
,
165
,
181
,
183
,
185
,
187–188
,
211
,
229
,
230
,
232
,
234
,
255
,
256
,
260
,
261
,
292n36
,
293n60

Kerala Joint Hindu Family System (Abolition) Act,
185–186
,
189
,
192
,
193
,
310n132

Keshaorao Krishnaji Londhe v. Nisha Londhe
(1984),
152

Keshav Hargovan v. Bai Gandhi
(1915),
162

Khan, Sayyid Ahmed,
208

Khomeini, Ayatollah,
54–55
,
69–70

Kuppanna Goundan v. Palani Ammal
(1955),
159

Kurien v. Alphonsa
(1986),
261–262

Kusum Lata v. Kamta Prasad
(1965),
303n33

Lahoti, Ramesh Chandra,
250–251

land ownership: Hindu law reform and,
103
; Muslim women’s rights and,
234
,
281–283
;
and postcolonial social reforms,
27
; Shariat Act and,
43
,
210–211
,
293nn59–60
; urbanization and industrialization’s effect on,
139
; women’s rights and,
39–40
.
See also
inheritance; property

Latif, Baji Rashida,
212

Latifi, Danial,
2
,
239
,
240
,
241
,
244

Law Commission: Christian law reform and,
168
,
226
,
228
,
234–235
,
256–257
,
258
; and codification of Indian legal system,
109
; divorce law reform and,
144–146
,
147
,
152
;
Fifty-Ninth Report
,
145
,
152
; national Hindu inheritance law reform and,
188–190
;
Ninetieth Report
,
256
,
258

Law Ministry: Christian law reform and,
234–235
,
253
,
259
; divorce law reform and,
119
,
146
,
148
; inheritance law and,
122
; national inheritance reform and,
190
,
191
,
192
,
194
; women’s rights and,
146

Lebanon,
19
,
48
,
64
,
77
,
200
,
267