Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us about Sex, Diet, and How We Live (38 page)

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Chapter 9: Paleofantasy, in Sickness and in Health

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Chapter 10: Are We Still Evolving? A Tale of Genes, Altitude, and Earwax

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Index

Page numbers in
italics
refer to illustrations.

aboriginals, 121, 183

Aché, 32, 33, 50, 184, 186

Achilles tendon, 155

acorns, 124

acorn woodpecker, 203

“Active Couch Potato” phenomenon, 137–38

ACTN3, 160–62

adaptations, 64–65

Adaptively Relevant Environment, 63–65

aerobic exercise, 144

Africa, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 99, 100, 104, 109, 129

African Americans, 257, 264

Africans, 18

agriculture, 20, 21, 31, 32, 44, 45–49, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 119, 120, 190, 228

diseases from, 48, 51–53, 235–37

evolution of parasites influenced by, 220–21

genes changed by, 125–29, 131

hunter-gatherers vs., 49

AIDS, 3, 18, 228, 234–35

Aiello, Leslie, 6

Aka people, 208

alliances, 43

alloparents, 201, 204, 205–7, 212

almonds, 113

alpha females, 203–4

altitudes, 6, 262

Alzheimer’s disease, 142, 242, 255

Amazon rain forest, 34

American Cancer Society, 238

amphibians, 202

amylase, 126–27, 262

Anderson, B., 104

Andes, 260, 262

anemia, 261

animals, domestication of, 52

anteaters, 94

antelope, 26, 149

anthrax, 98–99

anthropocentrism, 67

anxiety, 34, 136

apes, 40–41, 51, 56, 120, 121, 146

social-group structure of, 175–78

apples, 123

Arctic, 238

Ardipithecus,
40, 189

armadillos, 94

Armelagos, George, 125

Armstrong, Hunter, 155

art, 30, 56

arthritis, 29

Asia, 29, 56, 104

atherosclerosis, 111, 142

Atkins diet, 114

Atkinson, Quentin D., 176–77

Atlantic tomcod, 87–88

attachment theory, 57, 200–201, 213–18

Australia, 82–83, 119, 120, 121, 183, 238, 257

Australopithecus,
196

Australopithecus afarensis,
25, 26, 36, 38

Australopithecus sediba,
110

avocados, 123–24

babies, 227

as demanding, 182, 194–97, 214

baboons, 189, 201

baby wearers, 213, 217–18

Bachmeier, Beatrice, 241

back pain, 23–24

bacteria, 15–16, 51–52, 59, 94, 132, 220, 226–27, 242

Bahamas, 81

barefoot running, 6, 146, 158, 159

barley, 111, 127

Barnes, Ian, 237

Baron, Byron, 232

Barrett, H. Clark, 213

bases, 60

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), 152

“Beaks of Eagles, The” (Jeffers), 76

Bedouins, 98

beetle larvae, 36–37

Before the Dawn
(Wade), 10

Beja, 103

Beja-Pereira, Albano, 99

Beni-Amir pastoralists, 105

berries, 184

Berthold, Peter, 81

Big Change, 45

bighorn sheep, 85

biotechnology, 15

bipedalism, 23, 24, 25, 56, 144–45, 189, 196

Bird, Douglas, 185

Bird, Rebecca Bliege, 184–85

bird flu, 221

bird of paradise, 168

birds, 85, 89–90, 202

birth control, 17, 248, 254

birth defects, 128

bison, 142

bitterness, 62

blackbirds, 89

blackcap warblers, 81

Black Death, 16, 229, 232

Black Swan, The
(Taleb), 143

blood donation, 19, 20

blood pressure, 3, 254, 256

Bloom, Gabrielle, 98–99

bluebirds, 171

blue eyes, 18

Blurton-Jones, Nicholas, 198–99

body size difference, 37–38

Bogin, Barry, 200

bog person, 222

bonds, cementing of, 175

bones, 21

bonobos, 23, 32, 40, 41, 42, 127

mating by, 173–76, 189, 192

Booth, Frank, 141

Born to Run
(McDougall), 146, 147, 150–52

bottlenecks, 16

BOULE,
59

Bower, Bruce, 33

Bowlby, John, 57

Bowles, Samuel, 54–55

bows and arrows, 118–19, 120

Boyd, Rob, 27, 29, 102

brains, 25, 27, 28, 152, 195, 198

Bramble, Dennis, 147, 148, 151, 154–55

bread, 110, 114

breast-feeding, 196, 197, 201, 216

breasts, 188

breathing, 147

Britten, Roy, 60

Brown, Donald, 42

Brown, Greg, 84

bubonic plague, 16, 229, 232

bulbs, 117

Bumpus, Hermon, 73, 74

Bumpus’s sparrows, 258

Bunn, Henry, 153–54

burial, 30

bur reed, 110

butter, 113

calcium, 103

calcium assimilation hypothesis, 103

cancer, 9, 225, 238–44

“Cancer’s a Funny Thing” (Haldane), 75

cane toads, 82–85, 89

CaneToadsinOz.com, 84–85

Cane Toad Working Group, 83

Cann, Rebecca, 61

Cant, Michael, 213

carbohydrates, 48, 111–12, 121, 124, 125, 219

cardiovascular disease, 225, 257

cardiovascular training, 135

Carrier, David, 145, 147, 149

Carroll, Sean B., 61

cassava, 129

cats, 42, 155

cattails, 110

Cavemanforum.com, 20, 93, 111, 165, 246

“caveman” vs. “paleo,” 20

CCR5–delta, 228–33, 249, 252

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 5, 233

cercopiths, 127

cetaceans, 24

cheese, 96, 100, 107

cheetahs, 145, 146, 154

chewing, 125

Chicago, Ill., 265

chickens, 59, 202, 221

childhood, 198–200

child-rearing, 194–218

children, 213

chimpanzees, 23, 26, 30–31, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 127

cancer in, 242

food-processing by, 50

fruits eaten by, 123

gait of, 144–45

human similarity to, 60

mating by, 173–75, 189, 192

motherhood in, 196,
197

raising infants in, 196

China, 267

cholera, 52, 223

cholesterol, 254, 256

chromosomes, 62, 226

female sex, 180, 181

male sex, 172

Chronicle of Higher Education,
29

cichlids, 79, 88

climate, 118

clothing, 19, 30, 250

Cochran, Gregory, 18, 45, 55, 251

coconuts, 112

cod, 85

Codding, Brian, 185

cod fisheries, 85–86

coevolution, 102, 104

Coghlan, Andy, 241

cold stress, 131

collecting, 50

colobus monkeys, 201, 203

communication, evolution of, 41

concealed ovulation, 41–42

conflict resolution, 175

contemporary evolution, 75

convergent evolution, 106, 108

cooking, 19, 25

cooperation, 41, 207–8

cooperative breeders, 201–2

Copenhagen, University of, 263

Copper Canyons, 159

Cordain, Loren, 45, 60, 113–14, 135–36, 142

Cornell University, 263

cosleepers, 213, 216

Cosmides, Leda, 57–58, 63

cows, 98–99, 220, 221

domestication of, 1, 103

Coyne, Jerry, 17, 245

Crespi, Bernie, 244

crickets, 12, 68–72,
69,
74, 76

crocodiles, 15

CrossFit, 135

crowded conditions, 21

crying, 216–17, 218

crying curve, 217

culture, 250–51, 258

genes’ interaction with, 93, 102, 104

culture tree, 179–80

cyanide, 129

cystic fibrosis, 172, 234

Czech Republic, 109

daffodils, 60

Daily Mail,
35

dairy, 116

genes for consumption of, 1–3

“darwin,” 75

Darwin, Charles, 73, 76, 82, 167, 170, 188, 245, 246, 248

Darwin, Emma, 167

date palms, 110

David, Rosalie, 239–40, 241

Dean, Michael, 228

death, 222, 243–44

deer, 50, 122, 168, 184

deformed limbs, 29

dehydration, 103, 155

Denham, Tim, 48

Denmark, 257

depression, 136

Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, The
(Darwin), 247

deserts, 99

DeSilva, Jeremy, 195–96

De Vany, Arthur, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143, 144

developmental genes, 61

de Waal, Frans, 174–75

diabetes, 5, 34, 66, 111, 139, 140, 141, 222, 225

Diabetescure101.com, 20

Diamond, Jared, 45–46, 50, 52, 54

diamondbacks, 86–87

diarrhea, 103, 126, 223

diet,
see
paleo diet;
specific foods

digital natives, 5

digit ratios, 38–39

dinosaurs, 14, 187

diphtheria, 52

Di Rienzo, Anna, 131, 265, 266

diseases, 16, 18, 48, 121, 214, 222–23, 224

age-related, 10

from agriculture, 48, 51–53, 235–37

evolution of resistance to, 219–44

genes and, 219, 225–34

distance running, 146

division of labor, 27, 33, 54

sexual, 181–90

DNA, 13, 60–61, 91, 94, 130, 161, 225, 234, 259, 262, 263, 266

extraction of, 1–3

noncoding, 62

resistance to diseases and, 220

sequencing of, 31

Dogon people, 207, 208, 212–13

dogs, 42, 145–46, 147

Domazet-Lo
š
o, Tomislave, 226, 227

Donoghue, Helen, 236–37

Downey, Greg, 21, 156, 160, 162

droughts, 89, 91

Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science,
246–47

Dunbar, Robin, 60

eagles, 76

ear shape, 62

earwax, 266–67

East Africa, 105

East Asia, 228

echidna, 95

eggs, 168, 169–70, 171, 188, 202, 258

Egypt, 52–53, 222, 239, 241

elephant seals, 37, 188–89

elks, 69

Elmer, Kathryn, 88

El Niño, 77–78

Endurance Running Hypothesis, 147–48, 152–56

Engelhart, August, 112

environmental threats, 87–88, 89

Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA), 31–34, 57–63, 65

epidemics, 91

eucalyptus, 94

Europe, 28, 29, 56, 97

European Americans, 264

European Global History of Health Project, 224

evolution:

altruistic genes and, 55

contemporary, 75, 140

as continuous, 8–9, 10, 245–71

convergent, 106, 108

defined as change in gene frequency, 15–16, 168, 253

experimental, 12, 80

fishery-induced, 86

of humans, 23–31,
24,
245–71

mutations and, 55–56, 59, 251, 252–53

myth of progress in, 22

without natural selection, 23

sex contract view of, 183, 189, 205

of sexuality, 176–77

as tinkerer, 162

trade-offs in, 8, 22–23, 234

see also
natural selection

evolution, pace of, 3–7, 11–15, 21, 41, 62, 73, 74

discovery of rapid rate of, 67, 76–91

in ecological time, 12–13

and human capacity to drink milk, 93–94, 98, 104–6

measurement of, 74–75

mode vs. tempo in, 13–14

Evolutionary Fitness
blog, 135

evolutionary psychology, 38, 57–58, 65

“Evolutionary Psychology: A Primer,” 44

evolution in ecological timescales, 75

evolvability, 268–69

exercise, 13, 134–63, 269

high-intensity, 135

experimental evolution, 12, 80

extinction, 85, 90

extracting, 50

extra-pair paternity, 191–92

face-to-face kissing, 175

family, 13, 194–208

nuclear, 182, 203, 204

famines, 138, 139, 141

fat, 20, 95, 120, 139, 141, 219

fatherhood, 170–73, 205–6, 208–11, 251

fat-tailed double exponential, 231–32

Feeney, John, 46

females, 168–70

fertility of, 38

food production by, 191

height of, 258–59

fiber, 66, 121

Finch, Caleb, 242

finches, 76–78, 89

Finland, 257

Finns, 108

fire, 25, 42

fish, 85, 112, 116, 202

fishery-induced evolution, 86

fishing, 125

fitness, 193, 195, 211

fitness landscape, 65

flatwing, 72

Flegr, Jaroslav, 39

flies, 14

floods, 91

flour, 47, 110

folate, 128–29

folic acid, 128

food, 26

food sharing, 26–27

foragers, foraging, 44, 46, 50, 51, 53, 64, 118, 120, 127, 144, 156, 210

Fortunato, Laura, 179, 191

FOXP2,
30–31

Framingham Heart Study, 254–55, 256, 257, 265

Fraser’s Magazine,
247

frogs, 82, 168

fruits, 27, 50, 116, 122–23, 125

fungi, 52

Gage, Timothy, 53, 223–24

Galápagos Islands, 76–78, 255

Galvani, Alison, 230, 231

Gambia, 257, 258

game birds, calories in, 122

games, 198–99

“gape-limited” snakes, 82

gastrointestinal tract, 96

gathering, 136

hunting vs., 119–20, 183

and sexual division of labor, 183–84

Ge, RiLi, 261

gender roles, 119–20

gene duplication, 126

gene expression, 141–42

gene flow, 251, 252

General Electric, 87

genes, genetics, 14, 226–27

Alzheimer’s disease and, 255

for athletes, 160–63

as changed by agriculture, 125–29, 131

change in frequency of, 15–16

culture’s interaction with, 93, 102, 104

as evolutionarily conserved, 11–12, 59–60

examination of, 32

illnesses and, 219, 225–34

for lactase persistence, 101–2

obesity and, 138

recombination of, 130–31

reconstructing history from, 21

switching on of, 61–62

genetic architecture, 91