Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us about Sex, Diet, and How We Live (39 page)

genetic drift, 100–102, 251–52, 267

genomics, 6, 11–12, 180

Georgia, 228

Gerbault, Pascale, 102, 103–4

Germany, 232

Gettler, Lee, 208–10, 216

Giardia,
96

gibbons, 37, 39, 189, 192

Gingerich, Phil, 75

Glamour,
4

glasses, paleo rejection of, 21

glucose, 141

goats, 94, 220

Goodall, Jane, 40

Gordon, Jeffrey, 133

gorillas, 23, 30–31, 38, 41, 42, 121, 196, 201

interbirth intervals in, 197

mating habits of, 173–74, 189

silverback, 192

Götherström, Anders, 1–2

Gould, Stephen Jay, 54, 269

grains, 26, 48

digestion of, 130

paleo rejection of, 11–12, 21, 109–11, 113, 115, 116, 222, 238

grandmother hypothesis, 212–13

grandmothers, 211–13

Grant, Peter, 76–78, 255

Grant, Rosemary, 76–78, 255

grass seed, 110

Gray, Peter, 209

Great Britain, 257, 265

Great Plague, 229–30

great tits, 89

Greaves, Mel, 243–44

Greece, 52, 159

Greg, William, 247

greyhounds, 145

ground beef, 113, 122

Guardian,
35

gum disease, 29

Guns, Germs, and Steel
(Diamond), 45

guppies, 78–80, 85, 88

“Guppy, The” (Nash), 78

Gurven, Michael, 211

Gusii people, 206

gymnastics, 135

H1N1 influenza, 249

Hadza nomads, 32, 50, 106, 107, 108, 126, 154, 198–99

Hagen, Edward, 58, 213

Hager, Lori, 183

“haldane,” 75

Haldane, J. B. S., 74–75

halibut, 22–23

Hammer, Michael, 180–81

Han Chinese, 260, 261

Hanson, Rick, 271

harems, single-male, 177

Harpending, Henry, 18, 45, 55, 251

Harris, David, 48

Hawaiian Islands, 12, 68,
69

Hawkes, Kristen, 186, 211

Hawks, John, 19, 34, 39, 250, 252

hearing, 41

heat exhaustion, 146

heel bones, 155

Hehemann, Jan-Hendrik, 132

height, 258–59

hemoglobin, 261–62

hemorrhoids, 8

Hendry, Andrew, 72

Henry, Amanda, 109–10

Heraclitus, 269

Hernandez, Ryan, 266

hernias, 8

herring, 85

hiccups, 8

high-fructose corn syrup, 214

Hirst, Kris, 110

hives, 223

Hiwi people, 50–51

Holden, Claire, 190

Holland, Julie, 3–4, 5

hominins, 23, 26, 27, 64

Homo ergaster,
27–28

Homo
genus, 24, 25, 31, 39, 125, 153, 210

Homo heidelbergensis,
28

honey, 27

horizontal gene transfer, 132–33

horses, 145, 146

horticulture, 46, 214

Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer, 182–83, 189, 204–5, 206, 208

human genome, 6, 11–12, 180

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 228, 229, 233, 236, 249

humans:

average life span of, 11

chimpanzee similarity to, 60

evolution of, 23–31,
24,
245–71

human universals, 42–43

hummingbirds, 190

hunter-gatherers, 9–10, 20, 27, 29, 32–34, 43, 46, 49, 50, 52, 58, 60, 62–63, 66, 118, 121, 201, 218, 222

agriculturists vs., 49

alloparents in, 204

birth defects in, 128

exercising by, 135–36, 138

fatherhood in, 205, 208

labor by, 50

mating by, 173

parenting in, 214

hunters, 118, 149–50

hunting, 26, 30, 34, 36, 40, 50, 85, 125, 190

with bow and arrow, 118–19

gathering vs., 119–20, 183

persistence, 149–50, 153, 154–55

as risky, 185–86

and sexual division of labor, 183–87

Huntington’s disease, 225

Huxley, Thomas, 248

hydrogen gas, 96

hyenas, 28, 146

hyperglycemia, 139

hypertension, 5, 111, 121, 142

hyperthermia, 146

hypoxia-inducible factor 2–alpha, 261

Île aux Coudres, 257

immortality, 16–18

immune system, 95, 225–26

inactivity, 136

incest avoidance, 42, 64

industrial revolution, industrialization, 58, 121, 139, 205

infanticide, 204

infant mortality, 211–12, 223–24

infections, 224, 225

infidelity, 171–73

influenza, 52, 223

Ingoldsby, Bron, 178–79

Ingram, Catherine, 107

injuries, running and, 156–60

insecticide, 16

insects, 169, 227

insulin, 141

insulin regulation, 139

intelligence, 55–56

intensive agriculture, 46, 47

interbirth interval, 197

intestinal microbes, 107–8, 132–33

intestinal parasites, 28

Inuit, 33

invertebrates, 202

Irish potato famine, 49

iron deficiency anemia, 52

Irons, Bill, 63–65

Israel, 06, 265

Italy, 109

Jacob, François, 162

Jamaica, 140–41

Japan, 126, 132–33

Jeffers, Robinson, 76, 78

Jethá, Cacilda, 165, 170, 175, 180, 192

jogging, 142

Johnson, Daniel Patrick, 143

Johnson, Eric Michael, 179

Johnstone, Rufus, 213

Jones, Steve, 18, 248–49

Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association,
159

Joyce, Rosemary, 33, 34, 43

junk DNA, 234

junk food, 59

just-so stories, 269

Kalahari bushmen, 32, 33, 154

Kalahari desert, 50

Kaplan, Hillard, 50

Kauai, 70

Kazakhstan, 123

Kenya, 105, 158, 206

kin, incest avoidance and, 64

Kinnison, Michael, 72

KNM-WT 15000, 27

koalas, 94

Konner, Mel, 206, 217

Korea, 267

Kramer, Karen, 206, 207

Kratochvíl, Luká
š
, 39

Kruger, Ann Cale, 206, 217

!Kung San, 217

lactase, 1–3, 95, 99, 107, 114

lactase persistence, 97–98, 100, 101–2, 103–8, 125, 138, 262

lactation, 94–95, 98

lactose, 1, 62, 95, 104–5

lactose tolerance, 11, 92–133, 161

Lake Apoyeque, 88

Lancaster, Jane, 187

language, 24, 30, 42

langurs, 201

Lapps, 46–47

larvae, 202

latitude, calcium and, 103

Lee, Richard, 50

Lee-Thorp, Julia, 36

legumes, 116

leopards, 179

Levine, James, 137–38, 139, 140, 152

Liebenberg, Louis, 149, 150, 154

Lieberman, Daniel, 147, 148, 154–55, 158

life expectancy, 223

limpets, 187

Linnaeus, Carolus, 94–95

lions, 27, 28, 179

lizards, 187

locomotion, 39

long-distance running, 27–28, 144–56

Longo, Laura, 109

Loom, The
(blog), 245

Lovejoy, Owen, 189

Lucia, Alejandro, 162

Lucy (
Australopithecus afarensis
), 25, 38

lung cancer, 240

lynxes, 179

macadamias, 113

macaques, 127

MacArthur, Daniel, 161, 162

Mace, Ruth, 190, 206–7

McKenna, James, 214, 215–16, 218

maggots, 70

maize, 48, 111

malaria, 6, 11, 104, 129, 223, 262

male aggression, 175, 176, 183–84

male dominance, 40

male sex chromosomes, 172

male sex hormones, 37–39

Malta, 232

mammals, 94, 188, 202, 227

mammary glands, 202

mammoths, 28, 203

mangabeys, 127

manioc, 46

marathon runners, 142, 153

Marks, Jonathan, 60

Mark’s Daily Apple
(website), 153, 219, 271

Marlowe, Frank, 118–20, 198–99

marmosets, 201

Marquesas, 68

marriage patterns, 173

Masai, 98

Massachusetts, 259

mathematical ability, 181–82

Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 36

Maya Indians, 190, 215

McDougall, Christopher, 146, 147, 150–52, 157–58

measles, 11, 52

meat, 19, 23, 26, 116, 125, 205

see also
hunting

medicine, 17

Mediterranean diet, 114

meerkats, 202–4, 207

menopause, 211–13, 256

Meriam people, 199

metabolism, 161

methane, 96

mice, 94, 95, 161, 233

Middle East, 97, 99, 104, 228

migratory behavior, 81

milk, 92–108, 110, 133, 202

allergies to, 95–96, 107

fermented, 100, 107

Milot, Emmanuel, 257, 258

Milton, Katherine, 120–21, 123

mind-altering substances, 42

Mirror,
38

Mlabri, 127

mole rat, 117

monkeys, 26, 120, 123, 146

monogamy, 38–39, 42, 164–65, 171, 175–76, 178–80, 181, 182, 192–93, 194

Morbid Map, 226

motherhood, 164, 170–71, 182–83, 200–201, 204–5

alloparents and, 206–7

in apes, 164, 195–96

Mother Nature
(Hrdy), 182

Mothers and Others
(Hrdy), 182

moths, 22–23

mountain sickness, 259–60

mummies, 222, 239, 240

muriqui monkeys, 189

Murphy, Philip, 233

musical ability, 38

mutations, 55–56, 59, 251, 252–53

Nash, Ogden, 78

NAT2, 128–29

National Cancer Institute, 239–40

National Health Service, 117

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 233

Native Americans, 139, 228, 267

natural selection, 22, 23, 27, 32, 58, 73–74, 187–88, 243, 247, 251

bottlenecks produced by, 16

genes altered by, 12, 16

for lactase persistence, 101–8

as still active in humans, 55–56, 253–59

see also
evolution

Neandertals, 5, 29, 30, 34–39, 155

brains of, 35–36

mating system of, 37–39

plants eaten by, 110

teeth of, 47, 110

Neanderthal Museum, 35, 44

NEAT (non-exercise activity thermogenesis), 137–39, 140, 152

Neel, James, 139

negative pleiotropy, 243

negative selection, 262–63

Nelson, Emma, 37, 38

Neolithic, 99

Nerlich, Andreas, 241

nervous system development, 264–65

Netherlands, 206, 212

New Scientist,
241

New York Times,
4, 19, 20, 21, 93, 110–11, 134–35, 157, 159, 259

niche construction, 102

Noakes, Timothy, 152

noble savage, 5

North Americans, 18

nostalgia, 4–5, 9

Notmilk.com, 92

Novembre, John, 231

nuclear family, 182, 203, 204

nuptial gifts, 169

nuts, 113, 125

oats, 111

obesity, 3, 5, 66, 111, 121, 137, 138–39, 140, 222

odor detection, 264

oils, 113

O’Keefe, James, 136, 142–43

old age, 10–11

Omega Diet, The
(Simopoulos and Robinson), 20

On the Origin of Species
(Darwin), 12, 245, 246

Oota, Hiroki, 127

Opie, Christopher, 176–77

orangutans, 23, 38, 173

interbirth intervals in, 197

Ortega y Gasset, José, 54

Ortner, Sherri, 176

osteoarthritis, 224

Our Babies, Ourselves
(Small), 215

ovaries, 188

ovulation, 171

Owen, Neville, 136

Pääbo, Svante, 30–31, 35

Pacific salmon, 86

pair-bonded societies, 177

paleochix.com, 20

paleo diet, 48, 109–33, 219

cancer and, 239–40

controlled examination of, 116–17

difficulty of, 122–25

expert criticism of, 115–16

no-cook, 6

plants eschewed in, 112–13

sexuality and, 166

Paleo Diet, The
(Cordain), 113–14

paleontology, 14

“paleo” vs. “caveman,” 20

Pandora’s Seed
(Wells), 222

panting, 147

passenger pigeons, 85

pasta, 110

“Past Explains the Present, The” (Tooby and Cosmides), 63

pastoralism, pastoralists, 44, 46–47

milk drunk by, 99, 103, 105, 107

paternity fraud, 170–73

Patin, Etienne, 127

Pavelka, Mary, 254, 258

peacock tails, 69, 167, 173, 188

pellagra, 52

penis spines, 192

Perry, George, 125

persistence hunting, 149–50, 153, 154–55

pheasant, calories in, 122

Phillips, Ben, 83, 84

phlorizin, 106

Pickering, Travis, 153–54

pied kingfisher, 203

pigs, 26, 220

pike cichlids, 79

Pilbeam, David, 40, 41–42

Pinker, Steven, 55

pipefish, 169–70

plague, 230, 231

plants, 33, 36, 109

platypus, 95

pleiotropy, 243

Pleistocene, 27, 60–61, 62, 64, 160

pneumonia, 222, 223

poison dart frogs, 81–82

Poland, 228, 258

political life, male dominance of, 42

Pollan, Michael, 123

pollution, 87–88, 89, 91

polyamory, 192

polyandry, 178

polychloride biphenyls (PCBs), 87–88, 89

polygamy, 181

polygyny, 178, 179, 181, 189, 190–91, 207

population explosion, increased mutations and, 55–56

pork, calories in, 122

pork belly, paleo view of, 111

positive selection, 262–63

postindustrial societies, 257, 258

posttraumatic stress disorder, 3

potatoes, 49, 114, 124

poultry, 116

Powell, Adam, 56

power scavenging, 154

pregnancy, 128

Primal Blueprint, The
(Sisson), 153

Pritchard, Jonathan, 265, 266

protein, 28, 48, 62, 95, 115, 120, 121, 129, 131

pull-ups, 135