Paleofantasy: What Evolution Really Tells Us about Sex, Diet, and How We Live (34 page)

21 “Best Diets Overall,”
U.S. News & World Report
, accessed July 17, 2012, http://health.usnews.com/best-diet/best-overall-diets?page=3.

22 “Caveman Fad Diet,”
NHS Choices
, May 9, 2008, http://www.nhs.uk/news/2008/05May/Pages/Cavemanfaddiet.aspx.

23 Ibid.

24 Marlowe, “Hunter-Gatherers and Human Evolution.”

25 Milton, “Hunter-Gatherer Diets” (2002).

26 Milton, “Hunter-Gatherer Diets” (2000).

27 Milton, “Hunter-Gatherer Diets” (2002).

28 Gibbons, “Evolutionary Theory of Dentistry.”

29 Ibid.

30 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, “Nutritional Data,” accessed March 2011, http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/exptexas/programs/wildgame/nutrition.

31 Pollan, “Breaking Ground.”

32 Milton, “Hunter-Gatherer Diets” (2002).

33 Ibid.

34 Il Capo, August 15, 2011 (11:07 a.m.), comment on topic “New to This WOE but Need to Ask—Who Eats Potatoes?”
Caveman Forum
, http://cavemanforum.com/diet-and-nutrition/new-to-this-woe-but-need -to-ask-who-eats-potatoes.

35 Armelagos, “Omnivore’s Dilemma.”

36 Perry et al., “Diet and the Evolution of Human Amylase Gene.”

37 Patin and Quintana-Murci, “Demeter’s Legacy.”

38 Perry et al., “Diet and the Evolution of Human Amylase Gene.”

39 Oota et al., “Recent Origin and Cultural Reversion.”

40 Luca et al., “Multiple Advantageous Amino Acid Variants.”

41 Sabbagh et al., “Arylamine
N
-Acetyltransferase 2.”

42 Luca, Perry, and Di Rienzo, “Evolutionary Adaptations.”

43 Hehemann et al., “Transfer of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes.”

44 Kau et al., “Human Nutrition.”

Chapter 6: Exercising the Paleofantasy

1 Goldstein, “New Age Cavemen and the City.”

2 “How to Start,”
CrossFit
, accessed July 24, 2012, http://www.crossfit.com/cf-info/start-how.html.

3 “What Is CrossFit?”
CrossFit
, accessed July 24, 2012, http://www.crossfit.com/cf-info/what-crossfit.html.

4 De Vany, “Art’s . . . Essay on Evolutionary Fitness.”

5 Ibid.

6 O’Keefe et al., “Achieving Hunter-Gatherer Fitness”; O’Keefe et al., “Exercise like a Hunter-Gatherer.”

7 Ibid.

8 Owen et al., “Too Much Sitting.”

9 Levine, “Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis.”

10 Owen et al., “Too Much Sitting.”

11 Levine, “Nonexercise Activity Thermogenesis.”

12 Ibid.

13 Levine et al., “Non-exercise Physical Activity.”

14 Ibid.

15 Booth et al., “Reduced Physical Activity.”

16 Booth et al., “Exercise and Gene Expression”; Booth et al., “Reduced Physical Activity.”

17 De Vany, “Art’s . . . Essay on Evolutionary Fitness.”

18 O’Keefe et al., “Achieving Hunter-Gatherer Fitness”; O’Keefe et al., “Exercise like a Hunter-Gatherer.”

19 De Vany, “Art’s . . . Essay on Evolutionary Fitness.”

20 Taleb,
Black Swan
, “Why I Do All This Walking.”

21 Johnson, “Live Like a Caveman?”

22 Taleb,
Black Swan
, 26.

23 Ibid, 30.

24 Carrier, “Energetic Paradox.”

25 McDougall, “Born to Run Marathons.”

26 Carrier, “Energetic Paradox.”

27 McDougall,
Born to Run
, 223.

28 Bramble and Lieberman, “Endurance Running.”

29 Ibid.

30 Carrier, “Energetic Paradox.”

31 Liebenberg, “Persistence Hunting.”

32 Zorpette, “Louis Liebenberg.”

33 McDougall,
Born to Run
, 239–240.

34 Bramble and Lieberman, “Endurance Running.”

35 McDougall, “Born to Run Marathons.”

36 Noakes and Spedding, “Run for Your Life.”

37 Mark Sisson, “Who Is Grok?”
Mark’s Daily Apple
(blog), accessed July 17, 2012. http://www.marksdailyapple.com/about-2/who-is-grok/#axzz1z7sfawh9.

38 Mark Sisson, “Did Humans Evolve to Be Long-Distance Runners?”
Mark’s Daily Apple
(blog), April 21, 2009, http://www.marksdailyapple.com/did-humans-evolve-to-be-long-distance-runners/#axzz216klVrM0.

39 Taleb,
Black Swan
, “Why I Do All This Walking.”

40 Bunn and Pickering, “Bovid Mortality Profiles.”

41 Ibid.

42 Steudel-Numbers and Wall-Scheffler, “Optimal Running Speed.”

43 Lieberman et al., “Evolution of Endurance Running.”

44 Raichlen, Armstrong, and Lieberman, “Calcaneus Length.”

45 Ruxton and Wilkinson, “Thermoregulation and Endurance Running.”

46 Downey, “Lose Your Shoes.”

47 Van Mechelen, “Running Injuries.”

48 Macera et al., “Predicting Lower-Extremity Injuries.”

49 “2011 Marathon, Half-Marathon and State of the Sport Results: Running USA’s Annual Marathon Report,”
Running USA
, March 16, 2011, http://www.runningusa.org/node/76115; “Running USA: Running Defies the Great Recession: Running USA’s State of the Sport 2010—Part II,” LetsRun.com, June 16, 2010, http://www.letsrun.com/2010/recessionproofrunning0617.php.

50 Newman, “Appealing to Runners.”

51 Christopher McDougall, “The Barefoot Running Debate,”
Christopher McDougall
(blog), accessed July 17, 2012, http://www.chrismcdougall.com/barefoot.html.

52 McDougall,
Born to Run
.

53 Parker-Pope, “Are Barefoot Shoes Really Better?”

54 Lieberman et al., “Foot Strike Patterns.”

55 Christopher McDougall, “The Barefoot Running Debate,”
Christopher McDougall
(blog), accessed July 17, 2012, http://www.chrismcdougall.com/barefoot.html.

56 Jenkins and Cauthon, “Barefoot Running Claims.”

57 Colin John, June 8, 2011 (2:29 p.m.), comment on G. Reynolds, “Are We Built to Run Barefoot?”
Well
(blog),
New York Times
, June 8, 2011, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/08/are-we-built-to-run -barefoot/?comments#permid=91.

58 MarkRemy, June 8, 2011 (2:28 p.m.), comment on G. Reynolds, “Are We Built to Run Barefoot?”
Well
(blog),
New York Times
, June 8, 2011, http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/08/are-we-built-to-run-barefoot/?comments#permid=87.

59 Downey, “Lose Your Shoes.”

60 Berman and North, “Gene for Speed.”

61 MacArthur et al., “Loss of ACTN3 Gene Function.”

62 Ibid.

63 Ruiz et al., “Is There an Optimum?”

64 MacArthur, “ACTN3 Sports Gene Test.”

65 Downey, “Lose Your Shoes.”

66 Jacob, “Evolution and Tinkering.”

Chapter 7: Paleofantasy Love

1 Shalit, “Is Infidelity Natural?”

2 vizirus, (date and time unknown), comment on W. Shalit, “Is Infidelity Natural? Ask the Apes,”
CNN Opinion
, September 2, 2010. http:// www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/09/02/shalit.infidelity/index.html#comment -74792430.

3 Ryan and Jethá,
Sex at Dawn
, 2.

4 celticcavegirl, April 21, 2011 (5:04 p.m.), reply #137 on topic “Involuntary Celibacy—The Underground Epidemic,”
Caveman Forum
, http://caveman forum.com/miscellaneous/involuntary-celibacy-the-underground -epidemic/137.

5 Il Capo, March 26, 2011 (12:52 p.m.), reply #3 on topic “Involuntary Celibacy—The Underground Epidemic,”
Caveman Forum
, http://cavemanforum.com/miscellaneous/involuntary-celibacy-the-underground-epidemic/3.

6 smcdow, October 16, 2010 (4:36 p.m.), comment on topic “Sexual Habits of Our Ancestors,”
PaleoHacks
, http://paleohacks.com/questions/12167/sexual-habits-of-our-ancestors#axzz21BBiSuft.

7 DAC, March 15, 2011 (12:37 p.m.), comment on topic “Has Going Paleo Made You Leave Behind Any Societal Norms Regarding Sexuality?”
PaleoHacks
, http://paleohacks.com/questions/27619/has-going-paleo-made-you-leave-behind-any-societal-norms-regarding-sexuality#axzz21BBiSuft.

8 Trivers, “Parental Investment and Sexual Selection.”

9 Ryan and Jethá,
Sex at Dawn
, 50.

10 De Waal,
Bonobo
, 134.

11 Ibid., 2.

12 Ryan and Jethá,
Sex at Dawn
.

13 Stanford, “Social Behavior of Chimpanzees and Bonobos.”

14 Ibid.

15 Ibid.

16 Schultz, Opie, and Atkinson, “Stepwise Evolution.”

17 Ingoldsby, “Marital Structure,” 100.

18 Ryan, “Sex, Evolution, and the Case.”

19 Fortunato, “Reconstructing the History of Marriage Strategies.”

20 Hammer et al., “Ratio of Human X Chromosome.”

21 Hager, “Sex and Gender in Paleoanthropology.”

22 Zihlman, “Paleolithic Glass Ceiling.”

23 Bird, “Cooperation and Conflict.”

24 Ibid.

25 Codding, Bird, and Bird, “Provisioning Offspring and Others.”

26 Hawkes, O’Connell, and Coxworth, “Family Provisioning.”

27 Hawkes and Bird, “Showing Off.”

28 Author conversation with Jane Lancaster, circa 1987.

29 Lovejoy, “Reexamining Human Origins.”

30 De Waal, “Was ‘Ardi’ a Liberal?”

31 Holden and Mace, “Sexual Dimorphism in Stature.”

32 Soulsbury, “Genetic Patterns of Paternity.”

33 Ryan and Jethá,
Sex at Dawn
.

Chapter 8: The Paleofantasy Family

1 Iunabelle, June 22, 2011 (6:58 a.m.), comment on topic “Babies Crying Fixed with a Movement.”
PaleoHacks
, http://paleohacks.com/questions/46489/babies-crying-fixed-with-a-movement#axzz22EKrng1y.

2 Hrdy,
Mothers and Others
, 69.

3 DeSilva, “Shift toward Birthing.”

4 Rosemary Joyce, “Back-packing Mommas and Brainy Babies,”
What Makes Us Human—And One Percent Neanderthal
(blog),
Psychology Today
, October 27, 2010, http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/what-makes-us-human/201010/back-packing-mommas-and-brainy-babies.

5 Gibbons, “Birth of Childhood.”

6 Blurton-Jones and Marlowe, “Selection for Delayed Maturity.”

7 Ibid.

8 Small, “Mother’s Little Helpers.”

9 Bogin, ““Evolutionary Hypotheses.”

10 Ibid.

11 Hrdy,
Langurs of Abu
.

12 Ibid.

13 Hrdy,
Mothers and Others
.

14 Ibid., 85.

15 Ibid., 109.

16 Ibid., 150.

17 Kruger and Konner, “Who Responds to Crying?”

18 Kramer, “Cooperative Breeding.”

19 Hrdy,
Mothers and Others
, 130.

20 Mace and Sear, “Are Humans Cooperative Breeders?”

21 Kramer, “Cooperative Breeding.”

22 Strassmann, “Cooperation and Competition.”

23 Hrdy,
Mothers and Others
, 128.

24 Gettler et al., “Longitudinal Evidence.”

25 Gray, “Descent of a Man’s Testosterone.”

26 Gettler, “Direct Male Care.”

27 Ibid.

28 Winking and Gurven, “Total Cost of Father Desertion.”

29 Hrdy,
Mothers and Others
.

30 Mace and Sear, “Are Humans Cooperative Breeders?”

31 Kaptijn et al., “How Grandparents Matter.”

32 Cant and Johnstone, “Reproductive Conflict.”

33 Hagen and Barrett, “Cooperative Breeding.”

34 Ibid.

35 McKenna, Ball, and Gettler, “Mother-Infant Cosleeping.”

36 Mansbach,
Go the F**k to Sleep
.

37 Small,
Our Babies, Ourselves
.

38 Ibid.

39 McKenna, Ball, and Gettler, “Mother-Infant Cosleeping.”

40 McKenna, Ball, and Gettler, “Mother-Infant Cosleeping”; Mother-Baby Behavioral Sleep Laboratory, http://nd.edu/~jmckenn1/lab, accessed April 2012.

41 Gettler and McKenna, “Evolutionary Perspectives.”

42 Small,
Our Babies, Ourselves
, 153.

43 Kruger and Konner, “Who Responds to Crying?”

44 “Babywearing in Church.” TheBabyWearer.com, accessed April 2012. http://www.thebabywearer.com/index.php?page=bwchurch.

Chapter 9: Paleofantasy, in Sickness and in Health

1 markus, November 1, 2007, comment on M. Sisson, “The Biggest Myth about Cancer: That It Just ‘Happens,’ ”
Mark’s Daily Apple
(blog), October 31, 2007, http://www.marksdailyapple.com/cancer-myths-and-facts/#axzz22KPaV0zt.

2 Mike OD, October 31, 2007, comment on M. Sisson, “The Biggest Myth about Cancer: That It Just ‘Happens,’ ”
Mark’s Daily Apple
(blog), October 31, 2007, http://www.marksdailyapple.com/cancer-myths-and-facts/#axzz22KPtoV3I.

3 Mennerat et al., “Intensive Farming.”

4 Ibid.

5 Wells,
Pandora’s Seed
, 89.

6 Gage, “Are Modern Environments Really Bad for Us?”

7 “Reconstructing Health and Disease in Europe: The Early Middle Ages through the Industrial Period.” Poster presented at 78th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Chicago, IL, April 2009.

8 Domazet-Lo
š
o and Tautz, “Ancient Evolutionary Origin of Genes.”

9 Ibid.

10 Stephens et al., “Dating the Origin.”

11 Galvani and Slatkin, “Evaluating Plague and Smallpox.”

12 Galvani and Slatkin, “Intense Selection.”

13 Novembre, Galvani, and Slatkin, “Geographic Spread.”

14 Baron and Schembri-Wismayer, “Using the Distribution.”

15 “Final 2011 West Nile Virus Human Infections in the United States.” CDC, accessed July 2012, http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/surv&controlCaseCount11_detailed.htm.

16 Glass et al., “CCR5 Deficiency Increases Risk.”

17 Donoghue, “Insights Gained from Palaeomicrobiology.”

18 Ibid.

19 Barnes et al., “Ancient Urbanization Predicts.”

20 “The History of Cancer,” American Cancer Society, accessed April 2012. http://www.cancer.org/Cancer/CancerBasics/TheHistoryOfCancer.

21 “About the American Cancer Society,” American Cancer Society, accessed April 2012, http://pressroom.cancer.org/index.php?s=43&item=52.

22 “Cancer,” NewTreatments.org, accessed July 2012, http://www.newtreat ments.org/cancer.