Resurrecting Pompeii (49 page)

Figure A2.1
Anatomical orientation

Anterior
Anatomical term meaning before or in front. This term is equivalent to ventral.
Buccal
The cheek or the area near the cheek.
Coronal plane
A plane that passes longitudinally through the body from side to side at right angles to the median plane. It bisects the body into anterior and posterior portions. It is also known as the frontal plane.
Cranial
Towards the head.
Distal
Away from the centre.
Dorsal
Posterior or towards the back.
External
Outside.
Frontal
In front.
Frontal plane
This is an alternate term for the coronal plane, which divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
Inferior
Anatomical descriptor meaning lower or below; for example, the mandible can also be described as the inferior maxilla.
Infra
Below.
Internal
Inside.
Lateral
Away from the midline, to the side.
Labial
Relating to the lips.
Lingual
Relating to the tongue.
Medial
Towards the midline.
Mesial
Towards the midline.
Posterior
Behind.
Proximal
Nearest the centre.
Super
fi
cial
Near the surface.
Superior
Above.
Supra
A prefix referring to an area or landmark above a landmark on a bone.
Transverse
Crosswise.
Ventral
In front.

Diagrams
Figure A3.1
Superior view of the skull showing sutures (adapted from White and Folkens, 2005, 80)

 

Figure A3.2
Frontal view of the skull (adapted from Comas, 1960, in Krogman, 1962, 316 and Brothwell, 1981, 94)

 

Figure A3.3
Lateral view of the skull (adapted from Comas, 1960, in Krogman, 1962, 317)
Figure A3.4
Basilar view of the skull (adapted from Comas, 1960, in Krogman, 1962, 318)

Figure A3.5
Skeleton, with apologies to Vesalius (adapted from Vesalius’ first book of
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
, c. 1543. Reproduced in Saunders and O’Malley, 1982, 85)

1 Skeletons as artefacts

1 House (VIII, ii, 39). This event is commemorated in an illustration by Mazois. E.C.C. Corti,
The Destruction and Resurrection of Pompeii and Herculaneum
. Translated by K. Smith and R.G. Smith. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951, 147–48; A. De Vos, and M. De Vos.
Pompei, Ercolano, Stabia
. Rome: Laterza, 1982, 59; R. Etienne,
Pompeii: The Day a City Died
. Translated by C. Palmer. London: Thames & Hudson, 1992, 22.

2 M. Brion,
Pompeii and Herculaneum: The Glory and the Grief
. London: Cardinal, 1973/1960. F.M. Bullard,
Volcanoes of the Earth
. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1984, 54; A.E. Cooley,
Pompeii
. London: Duckworth, 2003; 76; E. Lazer, ‘Human skeletal remains in Pompeii: Vols I and II’, unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Anatomy and Histology. Sydney: University of Sydney, 1995, 54; E. Lazer, ‘The people of Pompeii’,in
Pompeii Revisited: The Life and Death of a Roman Town
, ed. Harrison, D. Sydney: Meditarch, 1994, 144; E. Lazer, ‘Resti umani scheletrici nella Casa del Menandro’,in
Menander: La Casa del Menandro di Pompei
. Edited by G. Stefani. Milan: Electa, 2003, 65; W. Leppmann,
Pompeii in Fact and Fiction
. London: Elek, 1968, 86; R. Ling,
Pompeii: History, Life and Afterlife
. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2005, 163.

3 The history of the excavations at Pompeii and the nearby site of Herculaneum has been well documented, e.g. by J.W. Alexander, ‘The impact of discoveries’,in
The Buried Cities and the Eruption of Vesuvius: The 1900th Anniversary
. Edited by H.W. Benario and G.W. Lawall (Amherst: NECN & University of Massachusetts, 1979), 23–29; C. Amery and B. Curran,
The Lost World of Pompeii
. London: Frances Lincoln, 2002, 30–47; Brion, 1973/ 1960, op. cit., 42–72; E.C.C. Corti,
The Destruction and Resurrection of Pompeii and Herculaneum
. Translated by K. Smith, and R.G. Smith. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951, 92–213; R. Etienne,
Pompeii: The Day a City Died
. Translated by C. Palmer. London: Thames & Hudson, 1992, 16–41; P. Gusman,
Pompei: The City, its Life and Art
. Translated by F. Simmonds and M. Jourdain. London: Heinemann, 1900, 22–26; W. Leppmann,
Pompeii in Fact and Fiction
. London: Elek, 1968, 48–91; R. Ling,
Pompeii: History, Life and Afterlife
. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus, 2005, 157–70; A. Mau,
Pompeii: Its Life and Art
. Translated by Kelsey, F.W. London: Macmillan, 1907, 25–30; C.C. Parslow,
Rediscovering Antiquity: Karl Weber and the Excavation of Herculaneum, Pompeii and Stabiae
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995; R. Trevelyan,
The Shadow of Vesuvius: Pompeii
AD
79
. London: Michael Joseph, 1976, 39–117. See Appendix for a chronology of the excavations.

4 Amery and Curran, 2002, op cit., 34 –35; Cooley, 2003, op. cit., 69; A. De Simone, ‘Archaeology and science’,in
Rediscovering Pompeii: IBM Gallery of Science and Art.
Edited by Conticello, B. Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 1990, 71; J.W. Goethe,
Italian Journey (1786
–
1788)
, Translated by W.H. Auden and E. Mayer. Middlesex: Penguin, 1970, 211; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 59–60; Ling, 2005, op. cit., 160–61; Parslow, 1995, op. cit., 3–4; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 44.

5 Cooley, 2003, op. cit., 69 –70; Corti, 1951, op. cit., 113, 122; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 55–56; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 45–48.
6 Corti, 1951, op. cit., 125–42; G.E. Daniel,
A Short History of Archaeology
, London: Thames & Hudson, 1981, 17; Etienne, 1992, op. cit., 18, 146–49; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 70– 77; Ling, 2005, op. cit., 161; R. Lullies and W. Schiering,
Archäologenbildnisse: Porträts und Kurzbiograhien von Klassischen Archäologen Deutscher Sprache
. Zabern: Verlag, 1988, 5–7; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 52–53.
7 A. De Vos, ‘Casa dei quadretti teatrali’,in
Pompei: Pitturi e Mosaici
. Rome: Istituto dell’Enciclopedia, 1990, 361–96; W. Ehrhardt,
Stilgeschichte Untersuchungen an Römischen Wandmalereien von der Späten Republik bis zur zeit Neros
, Mainz am Rhein: Philip von Zabern, 1987; K. Schefold, ‘Die bedeutung der malerei Pompejis’,in
Pompejanische Wandmalerei
. Edited by G. Cerulli Irelli, M. Aoyagi and D. Stefano. Zurich: Belser, 1990, 107–14.
8 Amery and Curran, 2002, op. cit., 155–60; F. Bologna, ‘The rediscovery of Herculaneum and Pompeii in the artistic culture of Europe in the eighteenth century’,in
Rediscovering Pompeii: IBM Gallery of Science and Art
. Edited by B. Conticello. Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 1990, 79; Etienne, 1992, op. cit., 16–18; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 61; Ling, 2005, op. cit., 161; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 50, 55, 74.
9 Alexander, 1979, op. cit., 27–28; Bullard, 1984, op. cit., 209–10; Corti, 1951, op. cit., 138; P. Francis,
Volcanoes: A Planetary Perspective
, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, 69; Goethe, 1970, op. cit., 315; W. Hamilton,
Observations on Mt Vesuvius, Mt Etna and Other Volcanoes in a Series of Letters Addressed To the Royal Society
…
To Which Are Added Notes by the Author, Hitherto Unpublished
. London: Royal Society, 1774; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 55–59. 10 See, e.g., Francis, 1993, op. cit., 69; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 55.
11 Goethe, 1970, op. cit., 203.
12 E. Clay and M. Fredericksen (eds),
Sir William Gell in Italy: Letters to the Society of Dilettanti, 1831
–
1835
, London: Hamilton, 1976, 1, 19; Daniel, 1981, op. cit., 15; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 75.
13 Clay and Frederikson, 1976, op. cit. 3, 18, 21, 23, 29–30, 147; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 127, n. 59.
14 T.H. Dyer,
Pompeii: Its History, Buildings and Antiquities
. 2nd edn. London: George Bell & Sons, 1883, 4–5.
15 For example, W. Gell,
Pompeiana: The Topography, Edi
fi
ces and Ornaments of Pompeii: The Results of Excavations since 1819
. London: Jennings & Chaplin, 1832, 6, 44. 16 Bologna, 1990, op. cit., 89, 95; Brion, 1973, op. cit., 63–68; Cooley, 2003, op. cit., 92–
_{95; Corti, 1951, op. cit., 189; Etienne, 1992, op. cit. 29–30; Ling, 2005, op. cit., 164–65; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit. 85.}

17 E. De Carolis, and G. Patricelli.
Vesuvius,
AD
79: The Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum
. Translated by The J. Paul Getty Trust. Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 2003b, 111.
18 Lazer, 1995, op. cit., Appendix 2, 376–79.
19 For example, see W.F. Jashemski, ‘Pompeii and Mt Vesuvius
AD
79’,in
Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology
. Edited by P.D. Sheets and D.K. Grayson. New York: Academic Press, 1979b, 587–622.
20 J.-P. Descœudres,
Pompeii Revisited: The Life and Death of a Roman Town
, Sydney: Meditarch, 1994, 152–68; Lullies and Schiering, 1988, op. cit., 78–79; Mau, 1907, op. cit., 446–60; J.B. Ward-Perkins and A. Claridge.
Pompeii
AD
79: Treasures from the National