Resurrecting Pompeii (50 page)

21 For example, F.L. Bastet and M. De Vos,
Proposta per una Classi
fi
cazione del Terzo Stile Pompeiano
. Translated by De Vos, A. Vol. 4, Archeologische Studien van het Nederlands Instituut te Rome. s-Gravenhage: Staatsuitgeverij, 1979; M.G. Cerulli Irelli, ‘Der letzten Pompejanische stil’,in
Pompejianische Wandmalerei
. Edited by G. Cerulli Irelli, M. Aoyagi and D. Stefano. Zürich: Belser, 1990, 233–38; Ehrhardt, 1987, op. cit.

22 Corti, 1951, op. cit., 201 –2; Etienne, 1992, op. cit., 38–41; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 95–97,107. See Chapter 11 for consideration of this issue in relation to the casts.
23 G. Luongo
et al
., ‘Impact of the
AD
79 explosive eruption on Pompeii, II: Causes of death of the inhabitants inferred by stratigraphic analysis and areal distribution of the human casualties’,
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
, Vol. 126, Nos 3–4, 2003: 169– 200; S.C. Nappo, ‘Il rinvenimento delle vittime dell’eruzione del 79 d.C. nella Regio 1 insula 22’,
Hydria,
Vol. 63, No. 19, 1992: 16–18.
24 See, for example, Cooley, 2003, op. cit., 80–96; A. De Simone, ‘Archaeology and science’, in
Rediscovering Pompeii: IBM Gallery of Science and Art
. Edited by B. Conticello. Rome: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 1990, 62–77.
25 Corti, 1951, op. cit., 117; Machiarelli pers. comm.
26 As demonstrated in the works of Brion, 1973, op. cit., 40; Corti, 1951, 117, 148, 158, 170–71,182,197; Gell, 1832, op. cit., 6, 44, 150–51,177; M. Grant,
Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum
, Middlesex: Penguin, 1976, 36–37; Gusman, 1900, op. cit., 15– 16; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 16.
27 A version of this section was originally published in Italian; see Lazer, 2003, op. cit., 64–69.
28 Ling, R., ‘La Casa del Menandro’,in
Menander: La Casa del Menandro di Pompei
. Edited by G. Stefani. Milan: Electa, 2003, 11.
29 A. Maiuri,
La Casa del Menandro e il Suo Tesoro di Argenteria
. Roma: La Libreria dello Stato, 1933, 11–12.
30 Ibid., 12.
31 Ibid.
32 Ibid.
33 P.M. Allison, ‘The Distribution of Pompeiian House Contents and Its Significance. Vols. I and II’, unpublished PhD thesis, School of Archaeology, Classics and Ancient History. Sydney: The University of Sydney, 1992, 170.
34 Maiuri, 1933, op. cit., 14.
35 E. Lazer, ‘Human skeletal remains in the Casa del Menandro: Appendix F’,in
The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii
. Edited by R. Ling. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, 342–43; Lazer, 2003, op. cit.
36 For example, F.P. Maulucci,
Pompeii
, Naples: Carcavallo, 1987, 177.
37 Lazer, 1997, op. cit., 343.
38 Maiuri, 1933, op. cit., 13, Fig. 5.
39 Ibid.
40 For a summary of the literary evidence for this claim, see E.M. Moorman, ‘Literary evocations of ancient Pompeii’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
. Edited by P.G. Guzzo. Milan: Electa, 2003, 20–24.
41 E. Bulwer-Lytton,
The Last Days of Pompeii
. New York: Putnam, 1897, 374–75.
42 Ibid.
43 E. Prettejohn, ‘Recreating Rome: Catalogue II’,in
Imagining Rome: British Artists and Rome in the Nineteenth Century
. Edited by M.J.H. Liversidge and C. Edwards. London: Merrell Holberton, 1996a, 126–28, illustrated on 126.
44 Cooley, 2003, op. cit., 85.
45 Dyer, 1883, 531.
46 Moormann, 2003, op. cit., 23–25.
47 For example, De Carolis and Patricelli, 2003b, op. cit., 113–14.
48 Civale in
Tales from an eruption
2003: 95; De Carolis and Patricelli Vesuvius, 2003, op. cit., 115–17; Grant, 1976, op. cit., 36.
49 Bulwer-Lytton 1897, op. cit., 371–74.
50 A. Civale, ‘Pompeii: The Temple of Isis’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
, ed. Guzzo, P.G. (Milan: Electa, 2003), p. 95.
51 Brion, 1973, op. cit., 38; De Carolis and Patricelli, 2003, op. cit., 114–15; Grant, 1976, op. cit., 37; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 75; Trevelyan, 1976, op. cit., 13; T. Rocco, ‘The Quadriporticus of the theatres (VIII, 7, 16–17)’,in
Storie da un
’
Eruzione: Pompei, Ercolano, Oplontis: Guida alla Mostra
. Edited by A. d’Ambrosio, P.G. Guzzo and M. Mastroroberto. Milano: Electa, 2003b, 99.
52 Rocco, 2003b, op. cit., 99.
53 This has been reviewed by various scholars, for example: Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 129– 54 and Moormann, 2003, op. cit., 14–33. Literary works that were based on human finds from Pompeii are discussed by Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 129–54; Moormann, 2003, op. cit., and De Carolis and Patricelli 2003, op. cit., 110–11.
54 L. Alma Tadema, 1867, Cleveland Museum of Art, USA, Catalogue No. 1977.128.
55 C. Edwards, ‘The roads to Rome’,in
Imagining Rome: British Artists and Rome in the Nineteenth Century
, ed. M.J.H. Liversidge, and C. Edwards (London: Merrell Holberton, 1996), 14; Prettejohn, 1996, op. cit., 65, 127; M.J.H. Liversidge, ‘Representing Rome: Catalogue I’,in
Imagining Rome: British Artists and Rome in the Nineteenth Century
, ed. Liversidge, M.J.H. and C. Edwards. London: Merrell Holberton, 1996, 116–17.
56 F. Pesando,‘Shadows of light: Cinema, peplum and Pompeii’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
, ed. P.G. Guzzo. Milan: Electa, 2003, 35–42.
57 Bulwer-Lytton is particularly famous for the astonishing prose of his 1830 novel
Paul Clifford
, which starts with the words: ‘It was a dark and stormy night; the rain fell in torrents – except at occasional intervals, when it was checked by a violent gust of wind which swept up the streets (for it is in London that our scene lies), rattling along the housetops, and fiercely agitating the scanty flame of the lamps that struggled against the darkness.’ E. Bulwer-Lytton,
Paul Clifford
. London: Routledge, 1875, 1.
58 Bulwer-Lytton, 1897, op. cit., 95.
59 Bulwer-Lytton, 1897, op. cit., iii, v.
60 Ibid., 300; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 136.
61 S.J. Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
. Middlesex: Pelican, 1984, 92; Bulwer-Lytton, 1897, op. cit., 300.
62 Ibid., 392; T. Rocco, ‘The Villa of Diomedes’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
. Edited by P.G. Guzzo. Milan: Electa, 2003a, 92.
63 Moormann, 2003, op. cit., 15.
64 T. Gautier,
Arria Marcella: A Souvenir of Pompeii
. Translated by De Sumichrast, F.C. New York: C.T. Brainard, 1901, 316.
65 Ibid., 328.
66 Ibid., 334.
67 Ibid., 335.
68 Ibid., 340–43.
69 Ibid., 355.
70 Ibid., 356.
71 Ibid., 361–62.
72 Ibid., 363–64.
73 Ibid., 366.
74 Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 135–36; Rocco, 2003a, op. cit., 92.
75 Various claims have been made for the number of bodies in this house. Depending on the publication, the number generally ranges between 11 and 22 bodies. Though Corti (1951, op. cit., 73) claimed that 34 people and one goat met their deaths in this villa the larger figure is probably more accurate. See Moormann, 2003, op. cit., 25 and Rocco, 2003a, op. cit., 92.
76 Ibid.
77 Bulwer-Lytton, 1897, op. cit., xi.
78 Bulwer-Lytton, 1897, op. cit., 304 n. V (a).
79 J.L. Campbell,
Edward Bulwer-Lytton
. Boston: Twayne, 1986, 4–5, 21, 72, 132; Leppmann, 1968, op. cit., 132, 136.
80 Clay and Frederikson, 1976, op. cit., 155. Bulwer-Lytton’s novel inspired works in a number of media, including painting, opera, pyrodramas and films (See M. Wyke,
Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema, and History
. London: Routledge, 1997, 147–82.) That
The Last Days of Pompeii
has continued to exert an influence on the popular imagination can be seen in the fact that the most recent film version was made at Pompeii in 1985, starring major actors including Franco Nero and Laurence Olivier.
81 Anonymous quoted in Dyer, 1883, op. cit., 477.
82 Corti, 1951, op. cit., 69–78.
83 P. Ciprotti, ‘Der letzte tag von Pompeji’,
Altertum,
Vol. 10, 1964, 47–48, 51, 53, 54.
84 S.C. Bisel and J.F. Bisel, ‘Health and nutrition at Herculaneum: An examination of human skeletal remains’,in
The Natural History of Pompeii
. Edited by W.F. Jashemski, and F.G. Meyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 451; S.C. Bisel
et al
.,
The Secrets of Vesuvius
. Toronto: Madison Press, 1990, 10–11.
85 For example, Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit.
86 Bisel
et al
., 1990, op. cit.
87 Bisel
et al
., 1990, op. cit., 14, 43; Bulwer-Lytton, 1897, op. cit., 155, 285–86.
88 R. Gore, ‘After 2000 years of silence: The dead do tell tales at Vesuvius’,
National Geographic,
Vol. 165, No. 5, 1984, 556–613; G.M. Grosvenor, ‘An exciting year of discovery’,
National Geographic,
Vol. 162, No. 6, 1982, 820–21; J. Judge, ‘On the slope of Vesuvius a buried town gives up its dead’,
National Geographic,
Vol. 162, No. 6, 1982: 686–93.
89 J.J. Deiss,
Herculaneum: Italy
’
s Buried Treasure
. 2nd edn. New York: Harper & Row, 1985, 194; Gore, 1984, op. cit., 572–73, 588–89, 600, 604–5.
90 Gore, 1984, op. cit., 597–600.
91 Suetonius,
The Twelve Caesars
. Translated by R. Graves. Middlesex: Penguin, 1957, Augustus, 79.
92 D.R. Brothwell,
The Bog Man and the Archaeology of People
. London: British Museum Publications, 1986, 110; J. Hay,
Ancient China
. London: Bodley Head, 1973, 94–99; T. H.G. Oettlé (former Director of the New South Wales Forensic Institute, Sydney) to E. Lazer, 1983, personal communication.
93 C. Renfrew and P. Bahn,
Archaeology: Theory, Methods and Practice
. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991, 175–76.
94 Bisel
et al
., 1990, op. cit., 23.
95 A.L. Zihlman,
The Human Evolution Colouring Book
. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1982, 105.
96 S.C. Bisel to E. Lazer 1988c, Physical anthropologist, Herculaneum.
97 Deiss, 1985, op. cit., 189–96.
98 Maiuri in Deiss, 1985, op. cit., xii.
99 S.C. Bisel, ‘The skeletons of Herculaneum, Italy’,in
Wet Site Archaeology: Proceedings of the International Conference on Wet Site Archaeology, Gainesville, Florida, December 12
–
14, 1986; sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities and University of Florida
. Edited by B. A. Purdy. Caldwell, New Jersey: Telford Press, 1988b, 209.
100 Bisel, 1988b, op. cit. 209–10; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 468, (Erc 26).
101 S.C. Bisel, ‘Human bones at Herculaneum’,
Rivista di Studi Pompeiani,
Vol. 1, 1987, 127– 28; S.C. Bisel, ‘The human skeletons of Herculaneum’,
International Journal of Anthropology,
Vol. 6, No. 1, 1991, 14, 16.
102 Bisel, 1987, op. cit., 127.
103 Bisel, 1988b, op. cit., 65.
104 Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit.
105 As can be seen, for example, in C. Pellegrino,
Ghosts of Vesuvius: A New Look at the Last Days of Pompeii, How Towers Fall and Other Strange Connections
. New York: William Morrow, 2004, 219–28.
106 P. Wilkinson,
Pompeii: The Last Day
. London: BBC Books, 2003, 158–59.
107 Wilkinson, 2003, op. cit., 159.
108 A. Butterworth and A. Laurence.
Pompeii: The Living City
. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005, 304–6.
109 A. Civale, ‘Pompeii: The house of Julius Polybius (IX, 13, 1–3)’,in
Tales from an Eruption: Pompeii, Herculaneum, Oplontis: Guide to the Exhibition
. Edited by P.G. Guzzo. Milan: Electa, 2003e, 163.
110 Ibid.
111 G. Di Bernardo
et al
., ‘Analisi dei reperti ossei della Casa Grado di conservazione ed amplificazione del DNA antico’,in
La Casa di Giulio Polibio: Studi Interdisciplinari
. Edited by A. Ciarollo and E. De Carolis. Pompeo: Centro Studi arti Figurative, Università di Tokio, 2001, 79–91; M. Henneberg, and R. Henneberg, ‘Skeletal material from the house of C. Iulius Polybius in Pompei, 79
AD
’,in
La Casa di Giulio Polibio: Studi Interdisciplinari
. Edited by A. Ciarallo and E. De Carolas. Pompei: Centro Studi arti Figurative, Università di Tokio, 2001, 79–92; P. Oriente
et al
., ‘Studio della densità minerale ossea negli scheletri di età Romana rinvenuti in Pompei nella Casa di Polibio’,in
La Casa di Giulio Polibio: Studi Interdisciplinari
. Edited by A. Ciarallo and E. De Carolas. Pompei: Centro Studi arti Figurative, Università di Tokio, 2001, 107–10; M. Torino and G. Fornaciari, ‘Paleopatologia degli individui nella Casa di Giulio Polibio’,in
La Casa di Giulio Polibio: Studi Interdisciplinari
. Edited by A. Ciarallo and E. De Carolis. Pompei: Centro Studi arti Figurative, Università di Tokio, 2001, 93–106.
112 Bernardo
et al
., 2001, op. cit.; M. Cipollaro
et al
., ‘Histological analysis and ancient DNA amplification of human bone remains found in Caius Iulius Polybius House in Pompeii’,
Croatian Medical Journal,
Vol. 40, No. 3, 1999a: 392–97.
113 Henneberg and Henneberg, 2001, op. cit., 80–85.
114 Henneberg and Henneberg, 2001, op. cit., 81–82, 84.
115 A.C. Aufderheide and C. Rodriguez-Martin.
The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Human Palaeopathology
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 61–62; C. Roberts, and K. Manchester.
The Archaeology of Disease
. 2nd edn. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1995, 36; T.W. Sadler,
Langman
’
s Medical Embryology
. 10th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006, 293–94.
116 Henneberg and Henneberg, 2001, op. cit., 84.
117 This assumption has been used by various scholars to reconstruct the number of pregnancies that had come to term in Pompeii and Herculaneum. See, for example, Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 461, 467, 472; L. Capasso,
I Fuggiaschi di Ercolano: Paleobiologia delle Vittime dell
’
Eruzione Vesuviana del 79 d.C
. Roma: ‘L’Erma’ di Bretschneider, 2001, 973– 78; M. Henneberg
et al
., ‘Skeletal material from the house of C. Iulius Polybius in Pompeii, 79
AD
’,
Human Evolution,
Vol. 11, No. 3, 1996: 255.
118 M.A. Kelley, ‘Parturition and pelvic changes’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 51, 1979, 545.
119 Butterworth and Laurence, 2005, op. cit., 297.
120 Butterworth and Laurence, 2005, op. cit., 305.