Resurrecting Pompeii (59 page)

., 1999, op. cit., 306.
142 Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martin, 1998, op. cit., 419; F.J. Fernandez-Nogueras and V. J. Fernandez-Nogueras. ‘The Stewart–Morel Syndrome in the differential diagnosis of patients with frontal headache’,
Anales Ortorrinolaringologicos Ibero-Americanos
, Vol. 20, No. 4, 1993, 383–91; Henschen, 1949, op. cit.; Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 323; E. Kollin and T. Fehér, ‘Androgens, bone mineral content and hyperostosis frontalis interna in pre-menopausal women’,
Experimental Clinical Endocrinology
, Vol. 87, 1986, 211–14; Moore, 1955, op. cit., 180–81; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 416; M. Pawlikowski and J. Komorowski, ‘Hyperostosis frontalis interna and the Morgagni–Stewart–Morel Syndrome’,
Lancet
, Vol. 1, No. 8322, 1983, 474; E.F. Talarico Jr
et al
., ‘A case of extensive hyperostosis frontalis interna in an 87-year-old female human cadaver’,
Clinical Anatomy,
Vol. 21, No. 3, 2008, 259–60, 266–67; J.M. Taveras and M.D. Wood.
Diagnostic Neuroradiology
. 2nd edn. Vol. Section 1, Golden’s Diagnostic Radiology. Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1976, 175.
143 G.J. Armelagos and O.D. Chrisman, ‘Hyperostosis frontalis interna: A Nubian case’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 76, 1988, 27; Moore, 1955, op. cit.; Salmi
et al
., 1962, op. cit., 1039; Talarico Jr
et al
., 2008, op. cit., 266; Taveras and Wood, 1976, op. cit., 175–78.
144 Henschen, 1949, op. cit., 85; Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 318; D.M. Mulhern
et al
., ‘Brief communication: Unusual finding at Pueblo Bonito: Multiple cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 130, No. 4, 2006, 480, 483; Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 294; Salmi
et al
., 1962, op. cit., 1032. Compare with A. Hrycek
et al
., ‘Morgagni–Stewart–Morel Syndrome in a young man’,
Wiadomosci Lekarski
e, Vol. 42, Nos 19–21, 1989, 1060–63.
145 Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 294.
146 T. Anderson, ‘An Anglo-Saxon case of hyperostosis frontalis interna’,
Archaeologia Cantiana,
Vol. 112 1993, 256; J. Gershon-Cohen
et al
., ‘Hyperostosis frontalis interna among the aged’,
American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy & Nuclear Medicine
, Vol. 73 1955, 396–97; Henschen, 1949, op. cit.; Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 303, 318–19; H.L. Jaffe,
Metabolic, Degenerative and In
fl
ammatory Diseases of Bones and Joints
. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1972, 272; Moore, 1955, op. cit., 180–81; Mulhern
et al
., 2006, op. cit., 480; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 416; Salmi,
et al
., 1962, op. cit., 1033; Talarico Jr
et al
., 2008, op. cit., 266; M. Verdy
et al
., ‘Prevalence of hyperostosis frontalis interna in relation to body weight’,
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
, Vol. 31, No. 11, 1978, 2002–4. 147 Rosatti 1972 in Armelagos and Chrisman, 1988, op. cit., 27; H. Glab
et al
., ‘Hyperostosis frontalis interna, a genetic disease?: Two medieval cases from Southern Poland’,
Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2006, 19–27; M.F. Koller, A. Papassotiropoulos, K. Henke, B. Behrends, S. Noda, A. Kratzer, C. Hock and M. Hofmann, ‘Evidence of a genetic basis of Morgagni–Stewart–Morel Syndrome: A case report of identical twins’,
Neurodegenerative Diseases
, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2005, 56–60; Mulhern
et al
., 2006, op. cit., 483; A. Sperduti and G. Manzi, ‘Hyperostosis frontalis interna in a cranial sample from the Roman population of Portus (Isola Sacra necropolis 1–111 Century
AD
)’,
Rivista di Antropologia
, Vol. 68, 1990, 279.
148 35 or 83.3 per cent.
149 Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 251–54.
150 Henschen, 1949, op. cit., 3; Jaffe, 1972, op. cit., 272.
151 95.3 per cent.
152 Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 254.
153 Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 416.
154 Anderson, 1993, op. cit., 254–55; Armelagos and Chrisman, 1988, op. cit., 27; Henschen, 1949, op. cit., 62–64; Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 314; Manchester, 1983, op. cit., 71–75; Mulhern
et al
., 2006, op. cit., 482; Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 294–95, 298–300, 309, 315–17, 365–98; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 415–16; Talarico Jr,
et al
., 2008, op. cit., 263–65.
155 M.Y. El-Najjar and K.R. McWilliams,
Forensic Anthropology: The Structure, Morphology and Variation of Human Bone and Dentition
. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1978, 70. 156 Manchester, 1983, op. cit., 72; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 506.
157 Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 121; Lisowski, 1967, op. cit., 657; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 171; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 315.
158 This image was discovered on 22 August 1836 in
oecus
11 (H. 1369). G.P. Carattelli (ed.),
Pompei: Pitture e Mosaici
(Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 1993, 414, 417, Vol IV: VI7, 18). Colour picture published in reverse of the painting in
oecus
11. This is an aquarelle by A. Abbate (ADS 202 Fot. Pedicini), 416 drawing of the painting ADS 203, B/W photo of the image is on page 417 (50 AFS A947(già A8096)); 286: tempera and ink colour image of the wall with the panel included (reproduced the right way round)
Soprintendenza Archeologica di Napoli
ADS 202 image by Abbate p. 290: full page image of squared drawing just of the toilet of Hermaphrodite, also by Abbate, pencil drawing is described on p. 291:
Soprintendenza Archeologica di Napoli
ADS 204 – this is probably the study for the painted image described above (painting h, 1369); P 833: drawing by Mastracchio, s.
Soprintendenza Archeologica di Napoli
ADS 20; M. Raoul-Rochette and M. Roux,
Choix de Peintures de Pompéi: Lithographiées en Couleur par M. Roux et Publiées avec l
’
Explication Archéologique de Chaque Peinture
. Paris: Adolphe Labitte, 1867, 136–37, Plate 10. 159 Raoul-Rochette, 1867, op. cit., 136–37, Plate 10.
160 H.J. Rose,
A Handbook of Greek Mythology
. New York: Dutton, 1959/1928, 148. Over one hundred years later, a completely different interpretation was offered for this figure when it was described as an example of incomplete testicular feminization. J. Kunze and I. Nippert,
Genetics and Malformations in Art
. Berlin: Grosse, 1986, 53, Fig. 61. 161 Examples of hermaphrodites in Pompeian wall paintings include Pan and Hermaphroditus from the atrium of the House of the Dioscuri (ref. no.), RP. Inv. No. 27700 Hermaphroditus struggling with a faun from Pompeii, RP. Inv. No. 110878, Faun and Hermaphroditus from Herculaneum, RP. Inv. No. 27701, illustrated in M. Grant, and A. Mulas.
Eros in Pompeii: The Erotic Art Collections of the Museum of Naples
. New edn. New York: Stewart, Tabori Chang, 1997, 147, 159 and 163 respectively.
162 As can be seen, for example, in the mosaic in
oecus
11 in the
Casa del Menandro
(house reference), illustrated in Ling 2003: 28 and the paintings in the bath in the frigidarium in the
Terme del Sarno
(VII, ii, 17).
163 W.W. Eldridge and G. Holm, ‘Incidence of hyperostosis frontalis interna in female patients admitted to a mental hospital’,
American Journal of Roentgenology, Radium Therapy & Nuclear Medicine
, Vol. 43 1940, 356; Stewart, 1928, op. cit. 321–31; Salmi,
et al
., 1962, op. cit., 1032; Talarico Jr,
et al
., 2008, op. cit., 267.
164 Epistles 4.16 and 20.
165 16.19.
166 20.12.
167 Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 264–65.
168 Anderson, 1993, op. cit., 253–59; Armelagos and Chrisman, 1988, op. cit., 25–28; A.T. Chamberlain,
Demography in Archaeology
, Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006, 55. J. Gladykowska-Rzecyscka, ‘Is this a case of the Morgagni syndrome?’,
Journal of Palaeopathology
, Vol. 1, 1988, 109–12. 169 For a summary of the cases that have been reported in the literature to date, see S.C. Antón, ‘Endocranial Hyperostosis in Sangiran 2, Gibraltar 1, and Shanidar 5’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 102, No. 1, 1997, 115; Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 321; Mulhern
et al
., 2006, op. cit., 483; Talarico Jr,
et al
., 2008, op. cit., 266. Also, see W. Devriendt
et al
., ‘Two Neolithic cases of hyperostosis frontalis interna’,
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
, Vol. 14, 2004: 414–18; Glab
et al
., 2006, op. cit., 19–27. 170 Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 321.
171 Mulhern
et al
., 2006, op. cit., 483.
172 F.J. Rühli
et al
., ‘Hyperostosis frontalis interna: Archaeological evidence of possible microevolution of human sex steroids?’,
Homo: Journal of Comparative Human Biology
, Vol. 55, Nos 1–2, 2004, 91–99.
173 Belcastro
et al
., ‘Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna and Sex Identification of Two Skeletons’,
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
, Vol. 16, No. 6, 2006, 506–16; Sperduti and Manzi, 1990, op. cit., 279–86.
174 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 170, 685.
175 Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 320–21.
176 Bisel 1988a, op. cit., 62, 65; Bisel 1988b, op. cit., 213–15; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 11; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 457–58; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1065–67; M. Torino and G. Fornaciari, ‘Paleopatologia degli individui nella Casa di Giulio Polibio’,in
La Casa di Giulio Polibio: Studi Interdisciplinari
, ed. A. Ciarallo and E. De Carolas. Pompei: Centro Studi arti Figurative, Università di Tokio, 2001, 95–98; Petrone
et al
., 2002b, op. cit., 78–80. 177 L.Z. Gannes
et al
.,‘Stable isotopes in animal ecology: Assumptions, caveats, and a call for more laboratory experiments’,
Ecology
, Vol. 78, No. 4, 1997, 1271–76; P. Garnsey (Emeritus Professor of the History of Classical Antiquity, Faculty of Classics, Cambridge University) to E. Lazer, 2008, personal communication; F.M. Guarino
et al
.,‘Bone preservation in human remains from the Terme del Sarno at Pompeii using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy’,
Journal of Archaeological Science
, Vol. 33, 2006, 513–20; T.L. Prowse
et al
., ‘Isotopic paleodiet studies of skeletons from the Imperial Roman-age cemetery of Isola Sacra, Rome, Italy’,
Journal of Archaeological Science
, Vol. 31, No. 3, 2004: 259–72; T.L. Prowse
et al
., ‘Isotopic evidence for age-related variation in diet from Isola Sacra, Italy’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 128, 2005, 2–13; I. Reiche
et al
., ‘Trace element composition of archaeological bones and post–mortem alteration in the burial environment’,
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B
, Vol. 150, 1999, 656–62; M.P. Richards
et al
., ‘Stable isotope analysis reveals variations in human diet at the Poundbury Camp Cemetery Site’,
Journal of Archaeological Science
, Vol. 25, No. 12, 1998: 1247–52; H.P. Schwarcz and M.J. Schoeninger, ‘Stable isotope analyses in human nutritional ecology’,
Yearbook of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 34, No. S13, 1991, 283–321; A. Sillen
et al
., ‘Chemistry and paleodietary research: No more easy answers’,
American Antiquity
, Vol. 54, No. 3, 1989, 504–12. 178 See, for example, Robinson 2005, pp, 109–19.
179 For example, S.C. Gilfillan, ‘Lead poisoning and the fall of Rome’,
Journal of Occupational Medicine
, Vol. 7, 1965, 53–60.
180 For example, Bisel, 1983, op. cit., 7; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 459–60. 181 A.C. Aufderheide, ‘Chemical analysis of skeletal remains’,in
Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton
, ed. M.Y. Iscan and K.A.R. Kennedy. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1989, 248, 251; Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martin, 1998, op. cit., 318; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 459; Gilfillan, 1965, op. cit., 53–54; T.H.G. Oettlé (former Director of the New South Wales Forensic Institute, Sydney) to E. Lazer, 1983, personal communication. 182 Gilfillan, 1965, op. cit., 53–54.
183 Aufderheide, 1989, op. cit., 251–52.
184 The Herculanean mean lead level for males (93.8 ppm; S.D. = 52.2; n = 49) was higher than that obtained for females (70.1 ppm; S.D. = 55.8; n = 43); Bisel, 1987, op. cit., 126; Bisel, 1988b, op. cit., 215; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 12; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 459–60. 185 Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 13; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 460.
186 Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 13; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 460; Deiss, 1985, op. cit., 191; Vitruvius, ‘De Architectura’,in
Loeb Classical Library
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1934’, VIII; CVI: 10.
187 For example, see Angel, 1969a, op. cit., 432; J.L. Angel, ‘Palaeodemography and evolution’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 31 1969b, 344; J.L. Angel, ‘Ecology and population in the Eastern Mediterranean’,
World Archaeology,
Vol. 4, 1972, 88–105; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 2; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 453; Cook and Powell, 2006, op. cit., 300. Also, see Chapters 1 and 6.
188 Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 453–54.
189 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 973–78.
190 M. Henneberg
et al
., ‘Skeletal material from the house of C. Iulius Polybius in Pompeii, 79
AD
’,
Human Evolution,
Vol. 11, No. 3, 1996, 255; Henneberg and Henneberg, 2002, op. cit., 174. 191 For further consideration on the difficulties associated with studies to determine lifestyle and status, see T. Waldron,