Resurrecting Pompeii (58 page)

Catalogue of the Hrdlicka Paleopathology Collection
. San Diego, California: San Diego Museum of Man, 1980, 216–19; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 314.
80 Associated with TF 111.
81 Associated with TdS R 15, TdS L 21 and TdS R 42.
82 TdS R 11 and the bones of TdS # 28:1.
83 Arguably estimated by Sigurdsson and Carey at about eighteen hours. H. Sigurdsson and S.N. Carey, ‘The eruption of Vesuvius in
AD
79’,in
The Natural History of Pompeii
, ed. W. F. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 59. 84 Associated with TdS 199.
85 A.R. Damasio and H. Damasio, ‘Brain and language’,
Scienti
fi
c American
, Vol. 267, No. 3, 1992, 62–63; H. Gray,
Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical
. Revised American from the 15th English edn. New York: Bounty Books, 1977, 649.
86 TF 74.
87 Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martin, 1998, op. cit., 31; F.P. Lisowski, ‘Prehistoric and early trepanation’,in
Diseases in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diseases, Injuries and Surgery of Early Populations
, ed. D.R. Brothwell and A.T. Sandison. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1967, 651–70; E.L. Margetts, ‘Trepanation of the skull by the medicine men of primitive cultures, with particular reference to present-day native East African practice’,in
Diseases in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diseases, Injuries and Surgery of Early Populations
, ed. D. R. Brothwell and A.T. Sandison. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1967, 673–94; Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 95–98; Figs. 112–14; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 169– 74; Roberts and Manchester, 1995, op. cit., 91–94; Steinbock, 1976, op. cit.; Tyson and Alcauskas (eds), 1980, op. cit., 74–89.
88 Bliquez, 1994, op. cit., 93–94; Celsus, op. cit.; J.J. Deiss,
Herculaneum: Italy
’
s Buried Treasure
. 2nd edn. New York: Harper & Row, 1985, 192; P. Gusman,
Pompei: The City, its Life and Art
. Translated by F. Simmonds and M. Jourdain. London: Heinemann, 1900, 238; R. Jackson, ‘Roman doctors and their instruments: Recent research into ancient practice’,
Journal of Roman Archaeology
, Vol. 3, 1990, 6; Majno, 1991, op. cit., 353–68. 89 Bliquez, 1994, op. cit., 43, 77; R. Caton, ‘Notes on a group of medical and surgical instruments found near Kolophon’,
Journal of Hellenic Studies
, Vol. 34, 1914, 114–18. 90 Celsus, op. cit.; vii, 3.
91 Celsus, op. cit.; 10, 7.
92 Bliquez, 1994, op. cit., 44; Jackson and La Niece 1986: 143–45.
93 Bliquez, 1994, op. cit., 72.
94 Bliquez, 1994, op. cit., 78.
95 TF 74.
96 viii, 3, 8–9.
97 Caton, 1914, op. cit., 114–15; R. Jackson and S. La Niece, ‘A set of Roman medical instruments from Italy’,
Britannia
, Vol. 17 1986, 143–44; Jackson, 1990, op. cit., 18, Fig. 5; J. Kirkup,
The Evolution of Surgical Instruments: An Illustrated History from Ancient Times to the Twentieth Century
. Novato, California: Norman Publishing, 2006, 71. 98 TdS R 11 and TdS # 28:1 respectively.
99 Bisel, 1987, op. cit., 124–25.
100 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 998–1002.
101 Majno, 1991, op. cit., 84; Roberts and Manchester, 1995, op. cit., 74–75. 102 P. Ciprotti, ‘Der letzte tag von Pompeji’,
Altertum,
Vol. 10, 1964, 40–54. 103 TdS # 28:1.
104 Though compare with Henneberg and Henneberg, 2002, op. cit., 174–76. 105 L. Capasso and G. Di Tota, ‘Lice buried under the ashes of Herculaneum’,
The Lancet
, Vol. 351, No. 9107, 1998, 992; L. Capasso, ‘Indoor pollution and respiratory diseases in ancient Rome’,
The Lancet,
Vol. 356, No. 9243, 2000b, 1774; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1000–1002; L. Capasso, ‘Infectious diseases and eating habits at Herculaneum (1st century
AD
, Southern Italy)’,
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
, Vol. 17, No. 4, 2007, 353–54.
106 L. Capasso, and G. Di Tota, ‘Tuberculosis in Herculaneum (79
AD
)’,in
Tuberculosis Past and Present
, ed. G. Pálfi, O. Dutour, J. Deák and I. Hutás. Budapest: Golden Books & Tuberculosis Foundation, 1999, 463–67; Capasso, 2007, op. cit., 354; T. Molleson
et al
.,
The Spital
fi
elds Project
. Vol. 2: The Anthropology: The Middling Sort, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 86. York: Council for British Archaeology, 1993, 83. 107 Aufderheide and Rodríguez–Martin, 1998, op. cit., 192–93; L. Capasso, ‘Bacteria in twomillennia-old cheese, and related epizoonoses in Roman populations’,
Journal of Infection
, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2002, 122–27; Capasso
et al
., 1999, op. cit., Capasso 2002; op. cit., 122–26; Capasso, 2007, op. cit., 351; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 215–21. 108 Capasso, 2007, op. cit., 350–57.
109 Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 165; Martin
et al
., 1991, op. cit., 149; D.M. Mittler and D.P. van Gerven, ‘Developmental, diachronic, and demographic analysis of cribra orbitalia in the medieval Christian populations of Kulubnarti’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 93, 1994, 287–88; T.I. Molleson, ‘Urban bones: The skeletal evidence for environmental change’,in
Actes des Troisièmes Journées Anthropologiques de Valbonne
,
Notes et Monographies Techniques
. Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1987, 145; Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 258–63; Rothschild, B. ‘Porotic hyperostosis as a marker of health and nutritional conditions’,
American Journal of Human Biology
, Vol. 14, No. 4, 2002, 417; P. Shipman
et al
.,
The Human Skeleton
. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1985, 299; Steinbock, 1976, op. cit., 239; P. Stuart-Macadam, ‘Porotic hyperostosis: Changing interpretations’,in
Human Palaeopathology: Current Syntheses and Future Options
, ed. D.J. Ortner and A.C. Aufderheide. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991, 36–39; White, 2000, op. cit., 394–95; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 320–22. 110 J.E. Buikstra, D.H. Ubelaker and D. Aftandilian (eds),
Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains: Proceedings of a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History Organized by Jonathon Haas
. Fayetteville, Arkansas, 1994, 120–21; Mittler and Van Gerven, 1994, op. cit., 289; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 320.
111 The scoring system that was used was based on the standards for data collection from human skeletal remains. J.E. Buikstra and D.H. Ubelaker (eds), 1994, op. cit., 121, 151–53; and P. Stuart-Macadam, ‘Porotic hyperostosis: Representative of a childhood condition’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 66 1985, 391–98. 112 Mittler and Van Gerven, 1994, op. cit., 289.
113 Stuart-Macadam, 1991, op. cit., 36–38; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 322. 114 B.M. Rothschild
et al
.,
Relationship between porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia?
(2004); from
PaleoBios
, http://anthropologie-et-paleopathologie.univ-lyon1.fr/ (accessed 4 April 2005); U. Wapler, ‘Is cribra orbitalia synonymous with anemia? Analysis and interpretation of cranial pathology in Sudan’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 123, No. 4, 2004, 333–39.
115 For example, see A. Cucina
et al
., ‘The Necropolis of Vallerano (Rome, 2nd–3rd Century
AD
): An anthropological perspective on the Ancient Romans in the Suburbium’,
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology
, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2006, 113–14.
116 J.L. Angel, ‘Porotic hyperostosis, anemias, malarias and marshes in the prehistoric Eastern Mediterranean’,
Science,
Vol. 153, 1966, 760–63; J.L. Angel, ‘The bases of palaeodemography’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 30, 1969a, 427–37; A. Ascenzi, ‘Physiological relationship and pathological interferences between bone tissue and marrow’,in
The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone
, ed. G.H. Bourne. New York: Academic Press, 1976, 429; A. Ascenzi, ‘A problem in palaeopathology: The origin of thalassemia in Italy’,
Virchows Archiv A: Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology
, Vol. 384, 1979, 128; Bisel, 1987, op. cit., 125; Bisel 1988a, op. cit., 64; Bisel 1988a, op. cit., 62; Bisel, 1988b, op. cit., 213; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 14; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 458; D.C. Cook and M.L. Powell, ‘The evolution of American paleopathology’,in
Bioarchaeology: The Contextual Analysis of Human Remains
, ed. J.E. Buikstra and L.A. Beck. Amsterdam: Academic Press, 2006, 300; Martin
et al
., 1991, op. cit., 147–52; Stuart-Macadam, 1991, op. cit., 36–39.
117 E28 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1012–15, 1055.
118 Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 146; Manchester, 1983, op. cit., 65–70; Rogers and Manchester 1995; 105–6; J. Rogers,
et al
., ‘Arthropathies in palaeopathology: The basis of classification according to most probable cause’,
Journal of Archaeological Science,
Vol. 14 1987, 179–93; Manchester, 1983, op. cit., 65, 68. White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 325, 424; 119 Rogers
et al
., 1987, op. cit., 179.
120 Devised by Ubelaker, 1989, op. cit., 87.
121 Ubelaker’s Type d osteophytic change was observed on TF L 46, 77, 78, 146, 147; TF R 15, 24, 32, 58, 92, 116. Ubelaker, 1989, op. cit., 87.
122 For example, TF L 147.
123 TF L 140.
124 Ubelaker’s Type d was recorded for the following humeri TF L, 5, 10, 64, 86, 98, 46 and 59. Ubelaker, 1989, op. cit., 87.
125 TF L 27.
126 B.T. Arriaza, et al., ‘Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in Meroitic Nubians from Semna South, Sudan’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 92, 1993, 243–48; Aufderheide and Rodríguez–Martin, 1998, op. cit., 97–98; M. Cammisa et al., ‘Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis’,
European Journal of Radiology
, Vol. 27, No. Supplement 1, 1998, 7; C. Kiss et al., ‘The prevalence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in a population-based study in Hungary’,
Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology
, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2002a, 226–29; C. Kiss et al., ‘Risk factors for diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: A case-control study’,
Rheumatology
, Vol. 41, No. 1, 2002b, 27–30; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 558–59; Roberts and Manchester, 1995, op. cit., 120–21; J. Rogers et al., ‘Arthropathies in palaeopathology: The basis of classification according to most probable cause’,
Journal of Archaeological Science
, Vol. 14, 1987, 186–88; R.M. Weinfeld et al., ‘The prevalence of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) in two large American Midwest metropolitan hospital populations’,
Skeletal Radiology
, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1997, 222–25. 127 TdS 1.
128 TF NS 86:1.
129 Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martin, 1998, op. cit., 98; Roberts and Manchester, 1995, op. cit., 119, 121; Lazer, 1995, op. cit., Appendix 3.
130 Ubelaker Types b and c. Ubelaker, 1989, op. cit., 87.
131 Molleson, 1987, op. cit., 149; Rogers
et al
., 1987, op. cit., 185.
132 Type d osteophytic change. Ubelaker, 1989, op. cit., 87.
133 Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martin, 1998, op. cit., 98; Arriaza
et al
., 1993, op. cit., 243– 44; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 558–59; Rogers
et al
., 1987, op. cit., 187. 134 The case of DISH was observed in ERC 27, a male, rather specifically aged at 46 years, Bisel 1988a, op. cit., 63–64; Bisel 1988b, op. cit., 212; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 14; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 468–69.
135 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1018–31; the cases of DISH were in E27, E61, E86, E117, E141A; Becker, 2003, op. cit., 405.
136 For the methods used in this study, see Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 244–49; E. Lazer, ‘Revealing secrets of a lost city’,
The Medical Journal of Australia
, Vol. 165, No. 11/12, 1996, 620–23.
137 Henschen and to a lesser extent on that of Moore, the latter proving less useful for this sample as it was based purely on x-rays rather than direct observation of gross appearance. F. Henschen,
Morgagni
’
s Syndrome: Hyperostosis Frontalis Interna, Virilismus, Obesitas
. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 1949, 5; Moore, S.
Hyperostosis Cranii (Stewart
–
Morel Syndrome, Metabolic Craniopathy, Morgagni
’
s Syndrome, Stewart
–
Morel
–
Moore Syndrome (Ritvo), le Syndrome de Morgagni
–
Morel)
. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1955, 18. 138 I. Hershkovitz
et al
., ‘Hyperostosis frontalis interna: An anthropological perspective’,
American Journal of Physical Anthropology
, Vol. 109, 1999, 306. I developed a six-point scoring system (see Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 249) based on the studies that were available when I did my fieldwork. I have since reassessed them using the system suggested by Hershkovitz
et al
., as this makes my work more easily comparable with more recently published work – see next endnote.
139 Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 303–10; Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 294; Ortner, 2003, op. cit., 416; J.J. Cocheton
et al
., ‘Le syndrome de Morgagni–Stewart– Morel: Mythe ou réalité?’,
Semaine des Hôpitaux
, Vol. 50, 1974, 2946; A. Salmi
et al
., ‘Hyperostosis cranii in a normal population’,
American Journal of Roentgenology
,
Radium Therapy & Nuclear Medicine
, Vol. 87, 1962, 1032; R.M. Stewart, ‘Localized cranial hyperostosis in the insane’,
The Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology
, Vol. 8, 1928, 321. 140 Translated into the Hershkovitz
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 303–25; system (306), there were 26 cases or 67.4 per cent presented as the equivalent of Type A, 27.9 per cent as Type B, 2.3 per cent as Type C and 2.3 per cent as Type D. Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 392 contains a record of the range and frequency of pathology in this series of skulls. 141 Hershkovitz
et al