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72 Ibid., 185.
73 Bisel, 1988a, op. cit., 61; S.C. Bisel, ‘The human skeletons of Herculaneum’,
International Journal of Anthropology
, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1991, 2; S.C. Bisel and J.F. Bisel, ‘Health and nutrition at Herculaneum: An examination of human skeletal remains’,in
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, ed. W.F. Jashemski and F.G. Meyer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, 453–54.
74 Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 2–3; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit.
75 Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 474.
76 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 73–75; Chamberlain, 2006, op. cit., 110–11; Kerley, 1965, op. cit., 149–64.
77 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 947; Capasso and Capasso, 1999, op. cit., 1826. 78 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 956.
79 Capasso and Capasso, 1999, op. cit., 1826; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 967–69. 80 P.P. Petrone
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8 General health and lifestyle indicators

1 T.D. White,
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3 E. Lazer, ‘Human Skeletal Remains in Pompeii: Vols. I and II’, unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Anatomy and Histology. Sydney: University of Sydney, 1995, 210–13.
4 Odin Langsjoen in A.C. Aufderheide and C. Rodriguez-Martin,
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5S.C.Bisel, ‘The human skeletons of Herculaneum’,
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6 S.C. Bisel and J.F. Bisel, ‘Health and nutrition at Herculaneum: An examination of human skeletal remains’,in
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7 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1047.
8 D.R. Williams and C.M. Woodhead, ‘Attrition: A contemporary dental viewpoint’,in
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10 Such as that observed on TF NS 86: 1 (Figures 7.4 and 7.5).
11 Martin
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12 S.C. Bisel, ‘Human bones at Herculaneum’,
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14 Bonfiglioli
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16 This approach is recommended for archaeological samples by scholars like Hillson, 1996, op. cit., 279.
17 For example TF 99, TF NS 86: 3, TF NS m 86: 3, TF 105, TF 17, TdS NS 84: 1. 18 Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 8.
19 S.C. Bisel, ‘Nutrition in first century Herculaneum’,
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20 Torino and Fornaciari, 2000, op. cit., 60–62.
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23 Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 4, 8; S.C. Bisel and J.F. Bisel, ‘Health and nutrition at Herculaneum: An examination of human skeletal remains’,in
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et al
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26 For example, TF 105, TF 11, TdS m 39, TF NS 86:1. For the last case, see Plate 8.3. 27 Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 8; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1042–44.
28 Hillson, 1996, op. cit., 255–56; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 330–31. 29 Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1042.
30 Hillson, 1986, op. cit., 129–36; Martin
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32 Bisel 1988a, op. cit., 62–63; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 4; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 455; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 1035–38; Petrone
et al
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34 G. Majno,
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35 L.J. Bliquez,
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36 Celsus, ‘De Medicina’,in
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38 Weinberger, 1948, op. cit., 139–44.
39 W.M. Bass,
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40 Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 4; Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 100–102; Molleson pers. comm.; Mays, 1998, op. cit., 70; Trotter and Gleser, 1958, op. cit., 79–123; M. Trotter, ‘Estimation of stature from intact long bones’,in
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41 Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 101; Krogman and Iscan, 1986, op. cit., 304–9; Trotter and Gleser, 1958, op. cit., 79–123. The Terry skeletal collection is housed in the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History of the Smithsonian Institution. It comprises 1,728 extensively documented human skeletons, which makes it a particularly valuable scientific resource.
42 Krogman and Iscan, 1986, op. cit., 305; S. Pheasant,
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44 W. Jongman, ‘Gibbon was right: The decline and fall of the Roman economy’,in
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24, 2006)
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45 M.J. Becker, ‘Calculating stature from in situ measurements of skeletons and from long bone lengths: An historical perspective leading to a test of Formicola’s hypothesis at 5th century
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46 See, for example, Krogman and Iscan, 1986, op. cit., 310.
47 Giannecchini and Moggi-Cecchi, 2008, op. cit., 290; Krogman and Iscan, 1986, op. cit., 310–11.
48 Pheasant, 1986, op. cit., 43, Fig. 3.1.
49 Pheasant, 1986, op. cit., 42–43.
50 Henneberg and Henneberg used Pearson’s regressions from 1899, Hrdlicka’s 1939 proportions, Trotter and Gleser’s 1952 and regression formulae, Dupertius and Hadden’s 1951 proportions and Telka’s 1950 regressions. M. Henneberg and R.J. Henneberg, ‘Reconstructing medical knowledge in ancient Pompeii from the hard evidence of bones and teeth. Presented at a conference at Deutsches Museum, Munich 21–22 March 2000’,in
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, ed. J. Renn and G. Castagnetti. Roma: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2002, 183. The height estimates that they obtained ranged from 163.1 to 169.4 cm for males and 151.6 to 155.8 cm for females. They estimated that the mean male height was about 166 cm and mean female height was around 154 cm. 51 Pheasant, 1986, op. cit., 45.
52 Higgins, 1989, op. cit., 193–94; Higgins, 1990, op. cit., 357.
53 Bisel, 1987, op. cit., 123–24; Bisel 1988a, op. cit., 64; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 4; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 455; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 925, 927.
54 Capasso stated that he employed Trotter and Gleser (1958). M.J. Becker, ‘Review [untitled]’, Rev. of I Fuggiaschi di Ercolano: Paleobiologia delle vittime dell’eruzione Vesuviana del 79 D.C. by L. Capasso. Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider, 2001,
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55 C. D’Amore
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57 See, for example, Becker, 1999, op. cit., 226–27 for an overview of such studies. 58 Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 88; L. Capasso
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59 Bisel 1988a, op. cit., 64; Bisel, 1991, op. cit., 6; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 455; Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 89; Capasso,
et al
., 1999, op. cit., 101; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 936–37. 60 Bass, 1984, op. cit., 187; Bisel and Bisel, 2002, op. cit., 455; Capasso, 2001, op. cit., 937–38.
61 Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 89; K.A.R. Kennedy, ‘Skeletal markers of occupational stress’, in
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62 S.C. Bisel, ‘The Herculaneum Project: Preliminary Report’,
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14, 1986; sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities and University of Florida
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63 Brothwell, 1981, op. cit., 119–20; D.J. Ortner and W.G.J. Putschar,
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64 Fractures were described in accordance with Merbs 1989: 161–66 and Roberts 1991: 232–35. Healed nasal fractures were noted but not included in this study as it is unlikely that they would have had any impact on survival prospects from the eruption. 65 Skull TF 111.
66 Aufderheide and Rodriguez–Martin, 1998, op. cit., 20–21; C. Roberts and K. Manchester,
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. 2nd edn. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1995, 67–72; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 48, 312–14.
67 Respectively TdS R 15, TdS L 21 and TdS R 42.
68 Respectively TdS R 11 and TdS # 28:1.
69 Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martin, 1998, op. cit., 172; Roberts and Manchester, 1995, op. cit., 126–27; White and Folkens, 2005, op. cit, 318.
70 Associated with TdS # 28:1.
71 Lazer, 1995, op. cit., 233.
72 TdS 199.
73 TF 103.
74 Henneberg and Henneberg, 2002, op. cit., 177.
75 TF L 25, TF L 87.
76 TF L 25.
77 Compare with Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 57–59, Fig. 50.
78 TF L 140.
79 Aufderheide and Rodríguez-Martin, 1998, op. cit., 84; Ortner and Putschar, 1981, op. cit., 239–42, Figs. 375–81; R.A. Tyson and E.S.D. Alcauskas (eds),

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