Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (111 page)

59
Bengelsdorf,
Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten
, pp. 107–8.

60
Lawrence,
Eat Your Heart Out
, p. 255.

61
Rankine,
Soya
, p. 1.

62
Pollan,
In Defence of Food
, p. 117.

63
Rankine,
Soya
, p. 9; Lawrence,
Eat Your Heart Out
, pp. 286–8.

64
Wilcox,
The Farmer
, p. 198.

65
Rankine,
Soya
, p. 3.

66
Bengelsdorf,
Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten
, p. 109.

67
Ibid., p. 301.

5. Feeding Britain

1
Cherrington,
On the Smell of an Oily Rag
, p. 161.

2
Calder,
The People’s War
, p. 418; Murray,
Agriculture
, p. 340.

3
Wilt,
Food for War
, p. 225.

4
Ibid., p. 187.

5
Brassley, ‘Wartime productivity’, pp. 37, 48, 54.

6
Wilt,
Food for War
, p. 224.

7
Vat,
The Atlantic Campaign
, p. 223; Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 49.

8
Ibid., p. 230.

9
Adams,
Farm Problems
, p. 12.

10
Pollard,
British Economy
, p. 67.

11
Hurd,
A Farmer in Whitehall
, p. 22.

12
Wilt,
Food for War
, p. 189.

13
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 35.

14
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, pp. 45–6.

15
56,200 in 1939 to 203,000 tractors by 1946. Wilt,
Food for War
, pp. 16, 226.

16
Hurd,
A Farmer in Whitehall
, pp. 22–3.

17
Dewey, ‘The supply of tractors’, pp. 99–100.

18
Wilt,
Food for War
, p. 189.

19
Brassley, ‘Wartime productivity’, p. 53.

20
Lamer,
The
World Fertilizer Economy
, pp. 214–15.

21
Ibid., p. 216.

22
Ibid., p. 211.

23
Ibid., pp. 209–10, 231.

24
Pollard,
British Economy
, p. 167.

25
Harman,
Seventy Summers
, p. 177.

26
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 89.

27
Martin, ‘The structural transformation of British agriculture’, p. 34.

28
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 83.

29
Ibid., pp. 85–6.

30
Martin, ‘The structural transformation of British agriculture’, p. 34.

31
Brassley, ‘Wartime productivity’, p. 54.

32
Martin, ‘The structural transformation of British agriculture’, p. 34.

33
This was the peak number of land girls, reached in June 1944.

34
Mant,
All Muck
, p. 37.

35
Tyrer,
They Fought in the Fields
, p. 108.

36
Joseph,
If Their Mothers Only Knew
, p. 117.

37
Hall,
Land Girl
, p. 61.

38
Tyrer,
They Fought in the Fields
, p. 115.

39
Ibid., pp. 120–1.

40
Graham,
Oxfordshire at War
, p. 117.

41
Martin, ‘The structural transformation of British agriculture’, p. 27.

42
Ibid., pp. 31–2; Short, ‘The dispossession of farmers’, pp. 159–60.

43
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 231.

44
Bengelsdorf,
Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten
, p. 327.

45
Longmate,
How We Lived Then
, p. 142.

46
Chamberlin,
Economic Development of Iceland
, p. 85.

47
Arnason,
The Icelandic Fisheries
, p. 34.

48
Garfield,
Private Battles
, p. 51.

49
Arnason,
The Icelandic Fisheries
, pp. 78–9; Tomasson,
Iceland
, pp. 37–8.

50
Crawford et al.,
Wartime Agriculture in Australia
, p. 151.

51
Britnell and Voake,
Canadian Agriculture
, pp. 248, 268.

52
Ibid., pp. 407–9.

53
Baker,
The New Zealand People
, p. 199.

54
Ibid., p. 201.

55
Ibid., p. 204.

56
Ibid., pp. 204–5.

57
Milward,
War, Economy and
Society, pp. 277–8.

58
Jackson,
The British Empire
, p. 94.

59
Baker,
The New Zealand People
, p. 187.

60
Wilcox,
The Farmer
, p. 157.

61
Longmate,
How We Lived
Then
, p. 147.

62
Driver,
The British at Table
, p. 29.

63
Jill Beattie, notes on wartime memories.

64
Garfield,
Private Battles
, p. 145.

65
Doreen Laven, notes on wartime memories.

66
Holland, ‘Mobilization’, p. 169.

6. The Battle of the Atlantic

1
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, pp. 187–8.

2
Garfield,
We Are at War
, p. 142.

3
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, p. 209.

4
Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, p. 31.

5
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, pp. 177–8.

6
Behrens,
Merchant Shipping
, p. 43.

7
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, p. 95.

8
Ibid., p. 109.

9
Ibid., p. 121.

10
Ibid., p. 40; Rahn, ‘The war at sea’, p. 301.

11
Doughty,
Merchant Shipping and War
, pp. 157–9.

12
Behrens,
Merchant Shipping
, p. 128.

13
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, pp. 27–9.

14
Vat,
The Atlantic Campaign
, p. 81.

15
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 49; Behrens,
Merchant Shipping
, p. 145.

16
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 49.

17
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 41.

18
Woolton,
Memoirs
, p. 207.

19
Gardiner,
The 1940s House
, p. 125.

20
Garfield,
Private Battles
, p. 56.

21
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, pp. 155–6.

22
Ibid., p. 64.

23
Ibid., p. 53.

24
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 42.

25
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, pp. 124, 167.

26
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, pp. 231–2.

27
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 231.

28
Ibid., p. 86.

29
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 44.

30
Bentley,
Eating for Victory
, pp. 92–3.

31
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 45.

32
Ibid., pp. 45–7.

33
Ibid., pp. 42, 47.

34
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 158.

35
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, p. 222.

36
Reynolds,
Rich Relations
, p. 86.

37
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 43.

38
Rahn, ‘The war at sea’, p. 337. Italics in original.

39
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, pp. 76–7.

40
Jenkins,
Churchill
, pp. 691–2.

41
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, pp. 79–80, 155.

42
The Papers of Miss E. Blaikley, Department of Documents, IWM, 86/46/1, p. 18.

43
Roll,
The Combined Food Board
, p. 130.

44
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 185.

45
Ibid., p. 71.

46
Bentley,
Eating for Victory
, p. 91.

47
Litoff and Smith,
Since You Went Away
, pp. 84–5.

48
Bentley,
Eating for Victory
, pp. 74, 91–2; Roll,
The Combined Food Board
, p. 132.

49
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 187.

50
Ibid., p. 156.

51
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, p. 230.

52
Bengelsdorf,
Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten
, p. 333.

53
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, p. 213.

54
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 152.

55
Baer,
One Hundred Years
, p. 201; Behrens,
Merchant Shipping
, p. 263.

56
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 152.

57
Ibid., p. 188.

58
Wilcox,
The Farmer
, p. 276.

59
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, pp. 188, 205.

60
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, pp. 186–7.

61
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 188.

62
Ibid., p. 190.

63
Woolton,
Memoirs
, p. 207.

64
Garfield,
Private Battles
, p. 316.

65
Ibid., p. 201.

66
Davis and Engerman,
Naval Blockades
, p. 286.

67
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 177.

68
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 187.

69
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, p. 215.

70
French,
Waging War
, p. 51.

71
Ibid., pp. 21–2.

72
Ibid., p. 61.

73
Ibid., p. 113.

74
Ibid., p. 139.

75
Costello and Hughes,
The Battle of the Atlantic
, p. 215.

76
Ibid., p. 216.

77
Rahn, ‘The war at sea’, p. 341.

78
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, p. 185.

79
Ibid., p. 187.

80
Smith,
Conflict over Convoys
, p. 177.

81
Ibid., p. 154.

7. Mobilizing the British Empire

1
Stephens,
Monsoon Morning
, p. 180.

2
Jackson,
The British Empire
, p. 22.

3
Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Europe and the Middle East’, p. 9.

4
Jackson,
Botswana
, pp. 36, 40.

5
Beaumont, ‘Australia’s war: Asia and the Pacific’, p. 47.