Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (113 page)

5
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 261.

6
Farquharson,
The Plough
, p. 227.

7
Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 43.

8
Kutz, ‘Kriegserfahrung und Kriegsvorbereitung’, pp. 146–7.

9
Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 44.

10
The British ate thirty times more mutton than the Germans. Von der Decken, ‘Die Ernährung in England und Deutschland’, p. 179.

11
Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 46.

12
Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 558.

13
Farquharson,
The Plough
, pp. 224–5; Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 561.

14
Ibid., p. 572.

15
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, pp. 308–9.

16
Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 45.

17
Rüther,
Köln
, pp. 118–19.

18
Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, pp. 237–8.

19
Lehman, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, pp. 39–40; Huegel,
Kriegs-ernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 300.

20
Van Creveld,
Supplying War
, p. 144.

21
Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 40.

22
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 302.

23
Ibid., p. 303.

24
Stephenson,
Hitler’s Home Front
, p. 198.

25
Farquharson,
The Plough
, p. 238.

26
Lehmann, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, pp. 36–8.

27
Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, p. 62.

28
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, pp. 362, 364; Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 340.

29
Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, p. 1.

30
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 313.

31
Burchardt, ‘The impact of the war economy’, p. 53.

32
Herbert,
Hitler’s Foreign Workers
, pp. 64, 385.

33
Ibid., p. 65.

34
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 315.

35
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 364.

36
Beer,
The Nazi Officer’s Wife
, pp. 84–5.

37
Ibid., p. 92.

38
Dörr,
“Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”
, III, p. 273.

39
Stephenson, ‘Nazism, modern war and rural society’, p. 352.

40
Stephenson,
Hitler’s Home Front
, p. 286.

41
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 167; Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, p. xv.

42
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 399.

43
Dörr,
“Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”
, II, p. 19.

44
Vassiltchikov,
The Berlin Diaries
, pp. 153, 240.

45
Erker,
Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft
, p. 29.

46
Stephenson, ‘Nazism, modern war and rural society’, p. 354.

47
Farquharson,
The Plough
, p. 229.

48
Emilia Olivier, interviewed September 2006.

49
Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 562.

50
Erker,
Ernährungskrise und Nachkriegsgesellschaft
, p. 24.

51
Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 18.

52
Brandt,
Management of Agriculture
, pp. 611–12.

53
Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece
, pp. 23–4.

54
Black,
A Cause for Our Times
, p. 6.

55
Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 23.

56
Black,
A Cause for Our Times
, p. 6; Hionidou, ‘“Send us either food or coffins”’, p. 182.

57
Beaumont, ‘Starving for democracy’, p. 66.

58
Mazower,
Inside Hitler’s Greece
, p. 27.

59
Hionidou, ‘“Send us either food or coffins”’, pp. 183–4.

60
Ibid., p. 189.

61
Collier, ‘Logistics’, p. 137.

62
Kennedy, ‘Herbert Hoover’, p. 91.

63
Beaumont, ‘Starving for democracy’, p. 67.

64
Black,
A Cause for Our Times
, p. 7.

65
Ibid., pp. 7–8; Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, pp. 36–7.

66
Black,
A Cause for Our Times
, pp. 11, 17.

67
Davies,
Europe at War
, p. 71.

68
Gillingham, ‘How Belgium survived’, p. 74.

69
Ibid., p. 70.

70
About 10 per cent of the total food available was smuggled. Ibid., p. 84.

71
Ibid., p. 76.

72
Ibid., p. 83.

73
Ibid., p. 73.

74
Vassiltchikov,
The Berlin Diaries
, p. 73.

75
Ousby,
Occupation
, pp. 137–8.

76
Alois Kleinemas, interviewed February 2004.

77
Gildea,
Marianne in Chains
, p. 71.

78
Barral, ‘Agriculture and food supply in France’, pp. 90–91. Grain from 7.3 million tons in 1939 to 5.1 million tons in 1940, meat from 1.5 million to 1 million tons. Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 21.

79
Barral, ‘Agriculture and food supply in France’, p. 93.

80
Ibid., p. 94.

81
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 547.

82
Brandt,
Management of Agriculture
, pp. 562–3; Barral, ‘Agriculture and food supply in France’, p. 94.

83
Ibid., pp. 99–100.

84
Ousby,
Occupation
, p. 119.

85
Gillingham, ‘How Belgium survived’, p. 85; Ousby,
Occupation
, pp. 124–5; Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, pp. 28, 31; Black,
A Cause for Our Times
, p. 17.

86
Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, pp. 129–30.

87
Nützenadel, ‘Dictating food’, pp. 88–9.

88
Ibid., pp. 92–4; Corner, ‘Fascist agrarian policy’, p. 253.

89
Helstosky,
Garlic and Oil
, p. 105.

90
Ibid., p. 106.

91
Ibid., p. 122.

92
Pitkin,
The House that Giacomo Built
, p. 51.

93
Ibid., p. 57.

94
Ibid., pp. 59–60.

95
Kennett,
G.I
., p. 204.

96
Nissen, ‘Danish food production’, pp. 173–4.

97
Brandt,
Management of Agriculture
, pp. 396, 423.

98
Nissen, ‘Danish food production’, p. 177.

99
Ibid., pp. 184–5.

100
Futselaar, ‘The mystery of the dying Dutch’, pp. 195–6.

101
Ibid., p. 201.

102
Ibid., p. 212.

103
Moore, ‘The western Allies’, pp. 94–5.

104
Fuykschot,
Hunger in Holland
, p. 129.

105
Ibid., p. 130.

106
Moore, ‘The western Allies’, p. 102.

107
Voglis, ‘Surviving hunger’, p. 22.

108
Moore, ‘The western Allies’, p. 105.

109
Zee,
The Hunger Winter
, pp. 252–7.

110
Fuykschot,
Hunger in Holland
, p. 153.

111
Nissen, ‘Danish food production’, p. 185.

112
Kutz, ‘Kriegserfahrung und Kriegsvorbereitung’, p. 154.

9. Germany Exports Hunger to the East

1
Berkhoff,
Harvest of Despair
, p. 183.

2
Ellis,
The World War II Databook
, p. 227.

3
Müller, ‘Albert Speer und die Rüstungspolitik’, p. 490.

4
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 46.

5
Stephenson,
Hitler’s Home Front
, pp. 167, 171.

6
Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, pp. 560–61.

7
Rüther,
Köln
, p. 120.

8
Neumann, ‘Nutritional physiology’, p. 55.

9
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 402.

10
Heim,
Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren
, pp. 108–10.

11
Werner,
“Bleib übrig!”
, p. 56.

12
Ibid., p. 210.

13
Bartov,
Hitler’s Army
, p. 74.

14
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 35.

15
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 458.

16
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 35.

17
Fulbrook, ‘Hitler’s willing robbers’, p. 205.

18
Kitchen,
Nazi Germany
, pp. 49–50.

19
Haffner,
Anmerkungen zu Hitler
, p. 158.

20
Dunn,
The Soviet Economy
, p. 209.

21
Kay,
Exploitation
, pp. 131–2.

22
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, pp. 255–6.

23
Humburg,
Das Gesicht des Krieges
, p. 163.

24
Kay,
Exploitation
, pp. 131–2.

25
Gerlach, ‘Militärische “Versorgungszwänge”’, pp. 184–5; Bartov,
Germany’s War
, pp. 5–6.

26
Bartov,
Hitler’s Army
, p. 61.

27
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, pp. 262–4.

28
Bartov,
Hitler’s Army
, pp. 77–8.

29
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 256.

30
Ibid., p. 259.

31
Ibid., pp. 259–60.

32
Ibid., p. 257.

33
Berkhoff,
Harvest of Despair
, pp. 114, 119.

34
Dlugoborski, ‘Die Landwirtschaft in der Sowjetunion’, pp. 150–51.

35
Boog et al.,
Der Angriff
, p. 995; Dallin,
German Rule in Russia
, p. 324.

36
Ibid., pp. 322–5.

37
Berkhoff,
Harvest of Despair
, p. 119.

38
Boog et al.,
Der Angriff
, p. 1000.

39
Ibid., p. 991.

40
Ibid., p. 1001.

41
Ibid.; Gerlach, ‘Militärische “Versorgungszwänge”’, pp. 189–90.

42
Gerlach,
Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord
, p. 38.

43
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 108.

44
Gerlach,
Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord
, pp. 26–7; Boog et al.,
Der Angriff
, p. 991.

45
Gerlach,
Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord
, p. 70.

46
Ibid., p. 72.

47
Ibid., p. 68.

48
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 207.

49
Gerlach,
Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord
, p. 29.

50
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 49.

51
Boog et al.,
Der Angriff
, pp. 1010–11.