Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (109 page)

32
Cited by Offer,
The First World War
, p. 28.

33
Ibid.

34
Vincent,
The Politics of Hunger
, p. 143; Kershaw,
Hitler. 1889–1936
, p. 99.

35
Vincent,
The Politics of Hunger
, p. 131.

36
Ibid., p. 50; Howard, ‘The social and political consequences’, pp. 163, 166, 172.

37
Offer,
The First World War
, pp. 74–8.

38
Kershaw,
Hitler
, pp. 97, 109.

39
Offer,
The First World War
, p. 400.

40
Kutz, ‘Kriegserfahrung und Kriegsvorbereitung’, p. 73.

41
Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, pp. xv, 5–7; Farquharson, ‘The agrarian policy’, p. 235.

42
Trentmann, ‘Coping with shortage’, p. 26; Staples,
The Birth of Development
, p. 72.

43
Kutz, ‘Kriegserfahrung und Kriegsvorbereitung’, pp. 73–4.

44
They were linked to the conservative Catholic Centre Party (Zentrum), the right-wing German National People’s Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei) and the centre-right German People’s Party (Deutsche Volkspartei).

45
Reagin,
Sweeping the German Nation
, pp. 93–9; Spiekermann, ‘Brown bread’, p. 148.

46
Kutz, ‘Kriegserfahrung und Kriegsvorbereitung’, pp. 73–4.

47
Ibid., p. 76; Lehman, ‘Agrarpolitik und Landwirtschaft’, p. 29.

48
Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
, pp. 700–702; Lovin, ‘Agricultural reorganization’, p. 457.

49
Ibid., p. 461.

50
Farquharson, ‘The agrarian policy’, p. 234.

51
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 22; Lovin, ‘Blut und Boden’, pp. 282; Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, p. 23.

52
Bramwell,
Blood and Soil
, p. 108.

53
Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, pp. xv–xvi; Farquharson, ‘The agrarian policy’, p. 233.

54
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, pp. 279–80; Wehler,
Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte
, p. 705.

55
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 14.

56
Farquharson, ‘The agrarian policy’, pp. 244–5.

57
Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, p. 249; Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 286.

58
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 397.

59
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 658.

60
Ibid., p. 197.

61
Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 19.

62
Schleiermacher, ‘Begleitende Forschung zum “Generalplan Ost”’, p. 339.

63
Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, pp. 27–8.

64
Picker,
Hitlers Tischgespräche
, p. 495. Italics in original.

65
Mai,
“Rasse und Raum”
, p. 2.

66
Young,
Japan’s Total Empire
, p. 309.

67
Helstosky,
Garlic and Oil
, p. 96.

68
Betts,
Uncertain Dimensions
, p. 50; Moore,
Fourth Shore
, p. 13.

69
Young,
Japan’s Total Empire
, p. 309.

70
Laqueur and Breitman,
Breaking the Silence
, p. 130.

71
Bramwell,
Blood and Soil
, pp. 92–3.

72
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 180; Bramwell,
Blood and Soil
, pp. 94–8.

73
Ibid., pp. 99–100, 110.

74
Backe,
Um die Nahrungsfreiheit Europas
, p. 238.

75
Lehmann, ‘Herbert Backe’, p. 9; Bramwell,
Blood and Soil
, p. 114.

76
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 287.

77
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 54.

78
Keegan,
The Second World War
, pp. 94–102.

79
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 145.

80
Ibid., p. 123.

81
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, pp. 418–19.

82
Beaumont, ‘Starving for democracy’, pp. 58, 78–9; Rahn, ‘The war at sea’, p. 330.

83
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 39.

84
Ibid., p. 42; Gerlach,
Krieg
,
Ernährung, Völkermord
, p. 16.

85
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 48.

86
Ibid., p. 47.

87
Ibid., p. 48; Kay,
Exploitation
, pp. 123–5.

88
Kay,
Exploitation
, p. 50.

89
Ibid., pp. 39–40.

90
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 48; Overy,
Russia’s War
, p. 17.

91
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 46.

92
Ibid., p. 49.

93
Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction
, p. 42.

94
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 180.

95
Kay,
Exploitation
, pp. 4, 47.

96
Ibid., pp. 57, 127. In fact the German Achilles heel was oil: Mazower,
Hitler’s Empire
, p. 290.

97
Kay,
Exploitation
, pp. 180–1.

98
Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 261.

99
Gerlach,
Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord
, pp. 17–19.

100
Kay,
Exploitation
, pp. 206–7.

101
Cited by Gerlach,
Kalkulierte Morde
, p. 53.

102
Rössler and Schleiermacher, ‘Der “Generalplan Ost”’, p. 10.

103
Grönung, ‘Die “Allgemeine Anordnung”’, pp. 133–4.

104
Wolschke-Bulmahn, ‘Gewalt als Grundlage’, pp. 335–6.

105
Grönung, ‘Die “Allgemeine Anordnung”’, p. 132.

106
Wolschke-Bulmahn, ‘Gewalt als Grundlage’, pp. 335–6.

107
Madajzyk, ‘Vom “Generalplan Ost” zum “Generalsiedlungsplan”’, p.16; Roth, ‘“Generalplan Ost”’, p. 41.

108
Roth, ‘“Generalplan Ost”’, p. 40.

109
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, pp. 467–8, 491.

110
Roth, ‘“Generalplan Ost”’, pp. 34, 36, 39.

111
Evans,
The Third Reich at War
, p. 36.

112
Gerlach,
Krieg, Ernährung, Völkermord
, p. 177.

113
Roth, ‘“Generalplan Ost”’, pp. 33–4.

114
Klukowski,
Diary
, p. 88.

115
Ibid., p. 104.

116
Ibid.

117
Ibid.

118
Ibid.

119
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 464; Madajzyk, ‘Vom “Generalplan Ost” zum “Generalsiedlungsplan”’, p. 12.

120
Wolschke-Bulmahn, ‘Gewalt als Grundlage’, p. 332; Roth, ‘“Generalplan Ost”’, p. 35.

121
Luczak, ‘Landwirtschaft und Ernährung in Polen’, p. 122.

122
Wasser, ‘Die “Germanisierung” im Distrikt Lublin’, p. 272.

123
Klukowski,
Diary
, p. 227.

124
Ibid., pp. 274–5.

125
Harvey,
Women and the Nazi East
, p. 240.

126
Klukowski,
Diary
, pp. 227–9.

127
Luczak, ‘Landwirtschaft und Ernährung in Polen’, p. 120; Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 464.

128
Klukowski,
Diary
, p. 230.

129
Harvey,
Women and the Nazi East
, p. 270.

130
Ibid., p. 266.

131
Mai,
“Rasse und Raum”
, pp. 189, 319, 323.

132
Bosma, ‘Verbindungen zwischen Ost- und Westkolonisation’, pp. 199–200.

133
Schleiermacher, ‘Begleitende Forschung zum “Generalplan Ost”’, p. 344.

134
Harvey,
Women and the Nazi East
, p. 246; Madajzyk, ‘Vom “Generalplan Ost” zum “Generalsiedlungsplan”’, pp. 14–16; Roth, ‘“Generalplan Ost”’, p. 43.

135
Harvey,
Women and the Nazi East
, p. 246.

136
Wasser, ‘Die “Germanisierung” im Distrikt Lublin’, pp. 288–90; Madajzyk, ‘Vom “Generalplan Ost” zum “Generalsiedlungsplan”’, pp. 15–16.

137
Bramwell,
Blood and Soil
, p. 127.

138
Lehmann, ‘Herbert Backe’, p. 10.

139
Wildt,
Generation des Unbedingten
, pp. 843–4.

140
Rössler, ‘Konrad Meyer’, p. 362.

141
Wolschke-Bulmahn and Gröning, ‘The National Socialist Garden’, p. 93; Heinemann, ‘Wissenschaft und Homogenisierungsplanungen’, p. 70; Wolschke-Bulmahn, ‘Gewalt als Grundlage’, p. 336. Meyer’s publication was entitled
Nahrungsraum und Überbevolkerung
.

3. Japan’s Quest for Empire

1
Shin’ichi,
Manchuria
, p. 16.

2
Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, p. 92.

3
Mitter,
Modern China
, p. 32.

4
Barnhart,
Japan Prepares
, p. 18; Martin,
Japan and Germany
, p. 82; Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, pp. 100, 126; Gann, ‘Reflections’, pp. 337, 352.

5
Iriye,
Origins of the Second World War in Asia
, pp. 3, 5–6.

6
Wilson,
The Manchurian Crisis
, pp. 225–6.

7
Kershaw,
Fateful Choices
, pp. 93, 97.

8
Martin,
Japan and Germany
, p. 82.

9
Myers and Saburo, ‘Agricultural development in the Empire’, p. 448.

10
Ishige, ‘Japan’, p. 1182.

11
Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 84–5.

12
Ibid., pp. 75–6.

13
Ibid., p. 76.

14
Ibid., pp. 56–7; Myers and Saburo, ‘Agricultural development in the Empire’, pp. 432–3, 440.

15
Hane,
Peasants, Rebels and Outcastes
, p. 160; Duus, ‘Introduction. Japan’s wartime empire’, p. xv.

16
Lewis,
Rioters and Citizens
, p. 245.

17
Ibid., p. 246.

18
Beasley,
Japanese Imperialism
, p. 149; Duus, ‘Economic dimensions of Meiji imperialism’, p. 159; Johnston,
Japanese Food Management
, pp. 54–5.

19
Cook and Cook,
Japan at War
, p. 193.

20
Martin,
Japan and Germany
, pp. 86–7; Eckert, ‘Total war’, p. 7; Myers and Saburo, ‘Agricultural development in the Empire’, p. 437; Dore and Ouchi, ‘Rural origins’, p. 189.

21
Wilson,
The Manchurian Crisis
, p. 126.

22
Dore,
Shinohata
, p. 44.

23
Hane,
Peasants, Rebels and Outcastes
, pp. 40–41, 113; Martin,
Japan and Germany
, p. 87.

24
Smith,
A Time of Crisis
, pp. 59, 64.

25
Ibid., p. 72.

26
Shin’ichi,
Manchuria
, p. 129.

27
Hane,
Peasants, Rebels and Outcastes
, pp. 40–41.

28
Smith,
A Time of Crisis
, p. 242.

29
Hane,
Peasants, Rebels and Outcastes
, pp. 134–5.

30
Young,
Japan’s Total Empire
, p. 324.