The Origins of the British: The New Prehistory of Britain (82 page)

3.9 Pre-Younger Dryas climate map. [Mapping of greater land area resulting from lower sea level after Jonathan Adams, [
http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/NEW_MAPS/europe3.gif
] and [http:www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/eur(12-.gif].]

4.1 Sea-level rise after the last Ice Age. [Image design updated from Oppenheimer (1998), figure 1; sea-level curve adapted from Siddall et al. (2003), figure 1.]

4.2 The Mesolithic colonization of north-west Europe. [Vegetation and mapping of greater land area resulting from lower sea level after Jonathan Adams, [http:www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/NEW_MAPS/europe5.gif] and [http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/eur(8ky.gif]; Early Mesolithic coastline in north-west Europe after Cunliffe (2004),
figure 4.3
.]

4.3 Mesolithic settlements on the south coast of England. [After Cunliffe (2004), figures 4.14 and 4.15.]

4.4 Maternal gene flow into the British Isles during the Mesolithic. [Data from Pereira et al. (2005), tables 1 and 2; mapping of greater land area and Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

4.5 Ruy, the main male gene cluster moving into the British Isles during the Mesolithic from 11,500 years ago. [Data from present study; mapping of greater land area and Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

4.6 Welsh colonists of the Mesolithic. [Data from present study; mapping of greater land area and Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

4.7 Mesolithic indigenous re-expansions in the West. [Data from present study; mapping of greater land area and Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

4.8 Mesolithic indigenous re-expansions in the East. [Data from present study; mapping of greater land area and Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

4.9 Pincer colonization of Scandinavia.

4.9a Maternal gene lines. [Figure concept after Tambets et al. (2004), figure 4a, but modified in sources of gene flow. Additional data from Achilli et al. (2005).]

4.9b Male gene lines. [Figure concept after Tambets et al. (2004), figure 4b, but substantially modified in suggested routes and sources of gene flow.]

4.10 The men from the Ukrainian refuge (Rostov/R1a1). [Data from Rosser et al. (2000), table 1; Tambets et al. (2004), table 3; Semino et al. (2000), table 1; and dataset in present study for extreme Western Europe.]

4.11 The men from the Balkans: Ivan’s sons in north-west Europe during the Mesolithic.

4.11a Expansion of Ian (I1a) into north-west Europe. [Data from present study and Rootsi et al. (2004); mapping of greater land area and Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

4.11b Expansion of Ingert (I1c). [Data from present study; mapping of greater land area and Early Mesolithic coastline as for
Figure 4.2
.]

5.1 The early spread of the Neolithic into Europe, as told by pots. [After Cunliffe (2004), figures 4.23 and 4.25.]

5.2 Invading the European forests and coasts. [Mapping vegetation zones after Jonathan Adams, [
http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/NEW_MAPS/europe6.gif
] and [http:www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/eur(5ky.gif].]

5.3a Maternal representatives of the ‘LBK line’ reach England. [Data from Forster et al. (2004), table 8.1 and figure 8.8.]

5.3b Scandinavian mothers in northern and western Britain during the Neolithic? [Data from Forster et al. (2004), table 8.1 and figure 8.5.]

5.4 How much male Neolithic gene flow was there totally into the British Isles via the southern route and the northern route? [Data from present study.]

5.5 Indigenous re-expanding clusters of the Neolithic. [Data from present study.]

5.5a Rory (R1b-14a) and R1b-15b.

5.5b R1b-11 and R1b-12.

5.5c Rob (R1b-8) and R1b-7.

5.6 Migration of male line I1b2 from southern Italy to the British Isles via Sardinia and France [Data from present study and Rootsi et al. 2004.]

5.7 Scandinavian male migrations to Britain during the Neolithic. [Data from present study.]

5.7a Migrations from Norway.

5.7b Migrations from southern Scandinavia and Schleswig-Holstein.

5.8a Migration of male line E3b from the Balkans to the British Isles. [Data for E3b in the British Isles and for north-west Europe from present study; E-M78-α data
are taken from Cruciani et al. 2004, for the rest of Europe and the Mediterranean region.]

5.8b Migration of male line J2 from the Levant to the British Isles. [Data from present study used for J2 subgroups in the British Isles and north-west Europe; J2 sub-groups are taken from table 2 in Semino et al. 2004, for route detail in the rest of Europe and the Mediterranean region.]

5.9 Big stones of the Neolithic. [After Cunliffe (2004),
figures 5.10
and 5.23; and Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1994), figure 5.2.2.]

5.10 Cultural influences on the British Isles from the Atlantic coast and from north-west Europe in the Neolithic.

5.10a The Atlantic influence. [After Scarre (1995), figure 1, p. 108.]

5.10b From north-west Europe? [Data on distribution of henges, causewayed camps and timber circles from [
http://www.megalithic.co.uk/mapserv/index.html
]; of grooved ware, after Cunliffe (2004), figure 5.23.]

5.11 A cult of heroes from the East. [After Scarre (1995), figure 1, p. 110.]

5.12 The Beaker phenomenon and the British Isles. [After Harrison (1980), figures 5 and 6.]

5.12a All-over-Corded Beakers.

5.12b Maritime Bell Beakers.

5.13 Distribution of elite Bronze Age burials in Wessex. [After Cunliffe (2004), figure 6.19.]

5.14 Bronze Age trade in prestige items from the British Isles.

5.14a Gold hair rings. [After Cunliffe (2004), figure 7.23.]

5.14b Chelsea-Ballintober swords. [After Cunliffe (2004), figure 7.25.]

5.14c Armorican socketed axes. [After Cunliffe (2004), figure 7.21.]

5.14d Carp’s tongue swords. [After Cunliffe (2004), figure 7.14.]

5.14e Barbecue spits and bowls. [After Cunliffe (2004), figure 7.17.]

5.15 Bronze Age gene flow into the British Isles came only from Scandinavia and northern Germany. [Data from present study.]

5.15a Bronze Age gene flow from Norway.

5.15b Bronze Age gene flow from northern Germany.

6.1 Fitting genes and archaeology using Principal Components Analysis.

6.1a The early spread of farming from the Near East through Europe. [After Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza (1984), figure 2.7.2.]

6.1b Cavalli-Sforza’s genetic First Principal Component. [After Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1996), figure 5.11.1.]

6.1c Cavalli-Sforza’s genetic Third Principal Component. [After Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1996), figure 5.11.3.]

6.1d Cavalli-Sforza’s genetic Second Principal Component. [After Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1996), figure 5.11.2.]

6.2 Dating Indo-European language splits.

6.2a Language tree constructed mainly from living languages. [After Gray and Atkinson (2003), figure 1a (dataset supplied by Isidore Dyen) – modified and updated figure design with all dates kindly supplied by Quentin Atkinson and Russell Gray.]

6.2b Language tree constructed mainly from dead languages. [After Atkinson et al. (2005), figure 3 (dataset supplied by Don Ringe) – modified and updated figure design kindly supplied by Quentin Atkinson and Russell Gray.]

7.1a Germanic tribes of North Gaul, according to Caesar. [Names of tribes in Gaul after Cunliffe (1988), figure 45, and Collis (2003), figure 55.]

7.1b Evidence of celticity in North Gaul from place-names. [After Kuhn (1962), maps 9 and 10.]

7.2 Ptolemy’s second-century map of England shows comparatively few celtic place-names in southern England. [After Parsons (2000), map 2.]

7.3a Gallo-Belgic coin distribution in Britain (all types, A–F). [After Cunliffe (1981b), figure 13.]

7.3b Map of Gallo-Belgic type E coins, which appeared in southern England in 55
BC
. [After Cunliffe (1981a), figure 44.]

7.4 Distribution of celtic inscriptions on stone in the British Isles and Brittany (
AD
400–1100). [Data from Celtic Inscribed Stones Project, Dept. of History & Institute of Archaeology, University College, London, [
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/maps/bigmap_all.html
].]

8.1a Conventional Germanic language tree. [After [http://softrat.home.mindspring.com/germanic.html].]

8.1b Germanic vocabulary network suggests English as a fourth Germanic branch. [After Forster et al. (2006), figure 11.3.]

8.1c Germanic tree four-branch reconstruction based on
Figure 8.1b
. [Reconstruction by the author with advice from Peter Forster.]

8.1d Early historical locations of Germanic languages, with the ‘Anglo-Saxon homeland’ enlarged. [After Forster et al. (2006),
figures 11.1
and 11.2.]

9.1 Forts of the Saxon shore [After Cunliffe (2004), figure 10.18, and Pryor (2004), p. 138.]

9.2 Early (pre-
AD
650) and late (post-
AD
650) Runic finds in Britain.

9.2a Runic finds in Britain before
AD
650. [After Page (1999), figures 7 and 66.]

9.2b Runic finds in Britain after
AD
650. [After Page (1999), figure 8.]

9.3 Cultural links between eastern England and the Anglo-Saxon homelands in the Danish Peninsula and other parts of Scandinavia. [Brooches and boat burials
after Scarre (1995), figure 1, p. 180;
AD
600 line after Jackson (1953), pp. 208–9.]

11.1 Viereck’s map of British blood groups. [After Viereck (1998), map 1.]

11.2a Weale’s British transect line and Continental ‘homelands’. [After Weale et al. (2002), figure 1.]

11.2b Weale’s genetic distance map. [After Weale et al. (2002), figure 3.]

11.3a Capelli’s genetic distance map. [After Capelli et al. (2003), figure 3.]

11.3b The degree of north German and Danish male ‘introgression’ into the British Isles estimated by Capelli. [Data from Capelli et al. (2003), table S1, ‘Supplemental data online’.]

11.4a Rosser’s genetic distance map of all of Western Europe, showing three main sources of male gene flow. [After Rosser et al. (2000), figure 5a.]

11.4b ‘We are all family’ – or are Belgians more English than the English? [Genetic distance map of Western Europe, using the same software as for, and data from,
Figure 11.4a
(Rosser et al. 2000, figure 5a), supplemented with north-west European data used in present study, including Frisia, northern Norway, northern Germany, Denmark and all the British datasets and using haplogroup markers common to all sets.]

11.5 Specific male intrusions from Europe into the British Isles. [Data from present study (based on exact STR haplotype matches).]

11.5a Intrusions from an Iberian source.

11.5b Intrusions from the traditional Anglo-Saxon homelands of Schleswig-Holstein (Angeln) and north-west Germany (Old Saxony).

11.5c Intrusions from Denmark.

12.1 Viking invasions in the west. [Composite of data in Cunliffe (2004), figures 11.7, 11.9, 11.10, 11.17 and
12.4
, and other sources.]

12.2 Viking invasions in the east. [Composite of data in Cunliffe (2004), figures 11.7, 11.9, 11.10, 11.17 and
12.4
, and other sources.]