The Other Slavery (73 page)

Apaches (Chiricahuas),
231
,
233
,
235–36
,
394
n 27,
395
n 28

Arze, Mauricio,
193

Asian slaves,
111

Atkinson, Edward,
302

audiencias
(high courts)

Central America,
74

Guadalajara and antislavery crusade,
139
,
141

Manila,
144
,
146

ordered to free all Indians,
67

petition to King after Indian insurrection,
70–71

Santiago and abolition decree,
143–44

Santo Domingo, slaves freed,
137

B

Baca, Ramón,
287
,
292

Baca, Ramón A.,
281

Bahamas,
41
,
44

Bailey, Henry Clay,
263

Bales, Kevin,
318

Bancroft, Hubert Howe,
164–65
,
258
,
377
n 28

baptisms and baptismal records

Navajo Indians,
279
,
293
,
313
,
330

New Mexico,
122
,
328

Pueblo rejection,
156

Utes,
384
n 32

Barboncito (Navajo chief),
310–12

Battle of Glorieta Pass, Civil War.
See
United States

Belden, Josiah,
250

Benavente, Toribio de (Motolinía),
62
,
65
,
77

Benavides, Alonso de,
367
n 10

Benedict, Kirby,
293

Benicia Carrillo, Francisca,
247

Bennion, Michael K.,
276

Bent brothers, William and Charles,
226

Benzoní, Girolamo,
43

Bernal de Huidobro, Manuel,
209
,
210

Bibo, Nathan,
288

Bidwell, Annie Kennedy,
253–54

Bidwell, John,
250–53
,
264
,
400
n 19

Bingham, John A.,
297

Birney, James G.,
296

Black Codes,
303
,
313

Blackhawk, Ned,
190

Bolton, Herbert E.,
197

Bosque Redondo reservation.
See
Navajo Indians

branding of slaves,
51
,
54
,
56
,
62–63
,
73–74
,
132

Brazil,
bandeirantes
(founders),
134

Brevísima relación de la destrucción de las Indias
,
46

Brooks, Juanita,
276

Brugge, David M.,
279

C

Calhoun, James S.,
2
,
6
,
229
,
242–46
,
392
n 9

California.
See also
Clear Lake

apprenticeship laws,
265
,
306–7
,
402
n 45

disposal of missions,
247
,
249–50
,
399
n 10

“free-soil” state,
2

gold rush,
100–101
,
103
,
251
,
261–62

Indian Act of 1850,
2
,
264–65
,
306
,
402
nn 45–46

proclamation warning against enslaving Indians,
263

ranching barons and debt peons,
247–49

Russian sale of Fort Ross,
256

treatment of Indian labor,
249–51
,
255–57
,
258
,
261–63

Canadians and Indian slavers,
173

Canby, Edward,
284
,
292
,
406
n 28

cannibals, enslavement of,
24
,
40–42
,
418
n 25

Canton, Felipe G.,
240

Capitulations of Santa Fe,
18

Carib Indians,
24
,
40
,
44
,
94
,
137
,
340
n 53,
418
n 25

traffickers to Europeans,
134
,
147
,
416
n 15

Caribbean region.
See also
Columbus, Christopher

average price of slaves,
326

characterization of natives,
22–23

disease,
13–15
,
45
,
340
n 53

early treatment of Indians,
14

enslavement, legal and illegal,
40–42

mortality rate of Indians by slavers,
43
,
44

population decline,
13
,
16–17
,
45

slavers’ methods and treatment,
43–44

slaving licenses,
41
,
42
,
44
,
325

Trinidad, refuge for Taínos and Caribs,
340
n 53

Carleton, James H.,
277
,
284–85
,
287–89

Carson, Christopher (Kit),
9
,
284–89
,
293
,
294

Carvajal, Luis de (el Mozo),
95
,
97–98
,
355
n 35

Carvajal y de la Cueva, Luis de,
76–78
,
87
,
93–99
,
349
n 1,
355
nn 36–37

alcalde ordinario
(lower magistrate),
84–85
,
89–90

slaver in Cape Verde,
80–81

slaver in Mexico,
91–93
,
354
n 29

Castaño de Sosa, Gaspar,
117
,
361
n 27

Catholic Church and Catholicism

ambush by governor using church,
95

conversion of Indians,
35

formal investigation of trafficking in New Mexico,
123

influence on Philip IV,
127

Jesuit missions of Seri Indians,
200–201
,
203–5
,
211

Jesuit role in Chile,
142

Jesuit role in northern Mexico,
360
n 22

Jesuits’ resistance to antislavery crusade,
140

“lady in blue,” mystic preaching the Gospel,
130–31
,
367
n 10

missionary role in silver-rich Mexico,
197–98

Pueblo revolt and,
156–57
,
163–67
,
376
n 25

Charles I (king of Spain),
49
,
67
,
68
,
71

Charles II (king of Spain),
128–30
,
144

known as “el Hechizado” (the Bewitched),
129

Chaves, Manuel A.,
281
,
405
n 26

Chichimec Wars,
87–91
,
353
n 22

guerra a fuego y a sangre
(war by fire and blood),
89–91

Chief Walkara (Hawk of the Mountains),
271–72

Child, Lydia Maria,
408
n 1

Chile

abolition decree,
142–44

complicity in trafficking of crown officials and slavers,
142

esclavitud de la usanza
(customary slavery),
128
,
366
n 7

Indian insurrection in,
127–28
,
136

major slaving grounds,
132

slave stories, reports,
132
,
142

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
See
Mormons

Cibao.
See
Española: gold prospecting and mining

Clear Lake,
250
,
259

enslavement of Indian population,
260–63

collera
(chain gang),
209
,
212
,
213
,
216–17

Columbia, major slaving grounds,
134

Columbus, Christopher,
3
,
10–11
,
13
,
17–25
,
34
,
40

Columbus, Diego,
34

Comanchería,
178
,
184–86
,
219
,
222
,
226

comancheros
and ransom of captives,
228–30

ransom story, Americans on Santa Fe trail,
229

ransom story, Mexican, Concepción Frescas,
229–30

Comanches

captives,
383
n 19,
384
n 24

captive women and children,
183–84
,
222
,
383
n 20

and horses,
176
,
181
,
183–85

peace agreements allowing trade of captives,
179–80

Plains (Apache) Indians and,
184
,
393
n 14

raids into Mexico for captives, horses, and plunder,
219–24
,
391
nn 18

ransom of Anglo-Americans and wealthy Mexicans,
222
,
227
,
228

“Sarit
u
hka,”
393
n 15

slavers of many Indian tribes,
7
,
147
,
176–77
,
180–82

slave story, Horn family,
227

slave story, Jesús María Guzmán,
227–28
,
393
n 18

slave story, Matilda Lockhart,
227

slave story, Rachael Plummer,
227

Conchos,
115

Connelly, Henry,
293

Conrad, Paul,
212

Cortés, Hernán,
60–62
,
67
,
103

largest mine and slave owner,
66

Crosby, Alfred W.,
13

cuadrilla
(team).
See
Española: gold prospecting and mining; Mexico, mining in

Cuba,
38
,
79
,
81
,
212
,
216

captured Natives,
22

Cuervo y Valdés, Francisco,
279

Cuneo, Michele da,
24

D

debt peonage,
8
,
9
,
113
,
395
nn 31–32

after abolition of slavery,
238–40

in California,
263–65

in New Mexico,
245–46

Peonage Act of 1867 (U.S.),
230
,
309
,
313

Decker, Charles,
3
,
268

DeLay, Brian,
221

Deseret News
,
274

Diné.
See
Navajo Indians

disease and health.
See also
Caribbean region: disease

Black Death,
45

dangers of silver mining and processing,
108–9
,
358
n 12

exposure of slaves to disease,
213
,
215–16
,
390
n 32

exposure to Mormon settlers,
273

malaria,
215–16
,
262

smallpox,
15–16
,
44
,
213–15
,
217

syphilis,
14

virgin soil epidemics,
45

yellow fever,
215–16

Domínguez de Mendoza, Thomé,
161

Doolittle, James R.,
297–98

Douglas, David F.,
264

Douglass, Frederick,
49

Drake, Francis,
83

Duque, Joseph,
111

E

Elizabeth I, Queen,
83

Elk, John,
305

Elk v. Wilkins
(1884),
305

emancipation declarations

African slaves (America),
147
,
219
,
301

British, of colonial slaves,
147

Mexican Indians, declaration to free,
67
,
136

Philippines,
cédula
(royal order),
144–46

Emigrants’ Guide to Oregon and California, The,
250

encomiendas
(grants of Indians),
8
,
35–37
,
39
,
61–62
,
66–68
,
363
n 36.
See also
Española: Spanish expeditions and rule; Mexico