The Other Slavery (75 page)

New Laws of 1542,
46–47
,
49
,
67–68
,
71

enforcement or circumvention,
74–75
,
349
n 47,
381
n 11

New Mexican
(newspaper),
313

New Mexico

Americans, including officials, holding slaves,
293–94
,
399
n 12

antislavery crusade in,
140–41
,
308–13

Apaches and Utes, enslavement of,
122
,
363
n 35

Civil War in,
277

Congressional effort to end slavery,
307–9
,
312

debt peonage suit in 1967,
314

formal investigation of trafficking,
123

genízaros
(former slaves),
180
,
382
n 14

Law Regulating Contracts Between Masters and Servants,
296–97

Militia Law of 1851 and slaving,
280–81
,
405
n 24

obraje
(textile sweatshop),
120

report on debt peonage and Indian captives,
300

silver prospecting and labor source,
116–17

slavers,
180

supply center for Parral,
121

territory and laws,
408
n 2

unknown region when United States acquired,
242–45

New Spain.
See
Mexico

Nuevo León,
93
,
96
,
97
,
99
,
117
,
354
n 32

Nunes Carvalho, Solomon,
269

O

Obedezco pero no cumplo
(I obey but do not comply),
143

Ojeda, Alonso de,
29

Old Spanish Trail,
191–93

Oñate, Cristóbal de,
116

Oñate, Juan de,
116
,
118
,
119
,
360
n 24

Otermín, Antonio de,
155
,
168

governor and slaver,
158–62

Ovando, Nicolás de,
34–37
,
39

P

padrones (labor brokers),
317–18

Páez Hurtado, Juan,
175–76

Paiutes

lack of horses,
3

territory and society,
188–90

victims of slavers,
194

“yuta” parentage in Church records,
190–91

Pánuco, Mexico,
81–85
,
87
,
351
n 10

Paraguay

abolition of Indian slavery,
137

major slaving grounds,
132–34
,
368
n 14

Pardo, Felipe,
143

Parral

African slaves in,
107
,
110

“Chinese” slaves in,
111
,
359
n 16

encomienda
and
repartimiento
slaves,
113–14

free wage and
pepena
system (silver ore),
112–13

Indians captured from all over Mexico to work the mines,
115

indigenous population of,
111

New Mexican Indians baptized,
328
,
371
n 29,
422
n 47

New Mexico Indians in,
122
,
378
n 35

revolts by Native communities,
114–15
,
360
n 22

silver mining in,
104–15
,
358
n 12

slave auctions in,
106
,
122

slave story, Nicolás de Tolentino,
111

Parrilla, Ortíz,
211

Pastorius, Francis Daniel,
148

pearl fisheries,
30
,
41

Peck, Gunther,
317

Pennsylvania Freeman
,
296

Pérez de Luxán, Diego

protector y defensor de los indios
,
116–17

Peru

mita
labor to work silver mines,
124

overflow of slaves from Chile,
132

rebellion against New Laws of 1542,
68

trafficking of Chilean Indians forbidden,
128
,
136

Pfeiffer, Albert H.,
282
,
283
,
288–89
,
294

Philip, Prince,
71

Philip III (king of Spain),
127–28
,
365
n 5

Philip IV (king of Spain),
125–28
,
136

Philippines

backlash to royal abolition decree,
144–46
,
372
n 38

major slaving grounds,
135
,
368
n 17

Phillips, Miles,
83–86

Pomo Indians of Clear Lake,
259

Ponce de León, Juan,
42
,
44

population

Caribbean region,
13
,
16–17
,
45

“High Counters,”
16–17

Indian slaves in the Americas,
4–6
,
324
,
329
,
413
nn 1–42

Parral, indigenous population,
111

slaves, numbers of,
65

Utah, Indian slaves,
273

Portugal and Portuguese colonies

African slave traffickers,
77
,
80

Jews, New Christians and expulsion,
77

legal slaves,
57

São Jorge da Mina, Ghana fort,
23

Potosí, slave labor,
123

presidios,
197–99

closing of,
391
n 22

and illegal enslavement of Seri Indians,
205–8

Prince, L. Bradford,
164

protector y defensor de los indios
(procurador),
48
,
57
,
72
,
116–17
,
338
n 43,
349
n 41

Pueblo Indians,
117

all adult males sentenced to twenty years of servitude,
118

attacks on Navajos in New Mexico,
281–82

disenfranchisement,
398
n 9

exploited by governors and entrepreneurs,
122

musculoskeletal stress marker scores,
363
n 34

trading network with other Plains Indians after Revolt,
174–76
,
381
n 6

Pueblo Indians, rebellion,
9
,
373
n 5

disillusionment and oppression,
166
,
377
n 29,
377
n 32

exploitation and enslavement,
167–71
,
378
n 33

hechiceros
(sorcerers or medicine men), role of,
152–57

muster list of surviving Spaniards and servants,
160–62
,
375
nn 20–22

obstacles to success,
152
,
155

Po’pay, leader,
152–53
,
155
,
157
,
164
,
373
n 3

religious zealotry and,
159
,
164–66
,
376
n 25

requiring unity and secrecy,
149–50
,
155

revolt after abolition decree,
147

role of religion in,
163

runners,
373
n 6

Sante Fe,
157–58
,
162

Spaniards’ flight from Santa Fe,
162–63

Q

quebrantamiento
(breaking down of the body).
See
Española:
encomenderos
(grantees)

R

Ramírez Barrionuevo, Diego,
117

Ramos Arizpe, Miguel,
219
,
221

Rangel de Biesma, Juan,
105

ransomed slaves.
See
Caribbean region: enslavement, legal and illegal; Mexico:
esclavos de rescate
(ransomed slaves)

Recopilación de las leyes de Indias
,
137
,
177
,
370
n 21,
381
n 11

Rencher, Abraham,
281

repartimientos
(compulsory labor drafts),
8
,
35
,
71
,
75
,
113–14
,
124
,
320
.
See also
Española: Spanish expeditions and rule

Rio Grande expedition, forced labor for captives,
93–94

Rivaya-Martínez, Joaquín,
183
,
226–27

Rivera, Pedro de,
197–99

Rodríguez de Fonseca, Juan,
25

Rodríguez Gallardo, Rafael,
206
,
208–10

Rosas, Luis de,
120
,
381
n 10

Roteta, Sebastián de,
138–39

Rubí, Marqués de,
205

Rushforth, Brett,
64

Ruxton, George F.,
224

S

Sande, Francisco de (Doctor Sangre),
99

Santángel, Luis de,
23

Sarmiento, Francisco,
57–59

Seri Indians (Comcáac),
198
,
200–204

presidio and enslavement of Indians,
206–8
,
388
n 14

rebellion and Spanish response,
208–11

Seville

lawsuits against slaveholders,
49
,
60
,
343
n 8

slave story, Gaspar,
52–53

Sewall, Samuel,
148

Shelley, Louise,
320

Sheridan, Cecilia,
174
,
380
n 2

Sheridan, Thomas E.,
204

Sherman, William T.,
310–12

Sierra Gorda pacification campaign,
95–96

silver mining

debt peonage to retain free workers,
113

free wage and
pepena
system (silver ore),
112–13

haciendas de beneficio
(ore-processing estates),
108–9

hard dangerous labor relied on slaves,
71
,
107–8
,
110

Mexican fight for independence and,
219

Mexican silver boom,
100–104
,
196
,
327

presidios and missions,
196–99

security at ore processing facilities,
109

Slaughter-House Cases,
304
,
410
nn 13–14

slavers.
See
traffickers

slavery, contemporary versions,
318–19

slavery, legal and religious justification,
53

slavery, persistence of,
319–20

soldiers.
See
traffickers

Sor María.
See
Jesús de Ágreda, María de

Sotelo Osorio, Felipe,
119

South Carolina, early slave trade in,
42

Spain.
See also
Seville

Council of the Indies,
49
,
59
,
68
,
139
,
345
n 17,
350
n 7

expeditions to Caribbean,
19
,
21

persistence of slavery,
51–52

prohibition against slavery,
4
,
7–8
,
25–26
,
46–47

split over question of abolition of Indian slavery,
68
,
70
,
348
n 34

treatment of slaves petitioning for freedom,
55–56

Spain, laws of

Chichimec Wars, terms of Indian capture,
90

forced labor in Mexico,
93–94

legal standing of Indians,
48
,
55
,
60
,
345
n 17,
345
n 21

native language as evidence,
57

New Laws of 1542,
46–47
,
49
,
60–61
,
67–68
,
71

procuradores generales de indios
(specialized lawyers),
48
,
57–59