Up and Down Stairs (54 page)

47
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164(e), p. 44.

48
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164(e), p. 44.

49
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164(d), p. 1.

50
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164(d), p. 2.

51
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164(d), p. 4.

52
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 164(d), pp. 23–5.

53
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 121(92), p. 43.

54
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 121(63), p. 239.

55
. Alnwick Castle, DNP MS 121(63), p. 231.

56
. Mortlock, p. 206.

57
. Jonas Hanway,
Eight Letters to His Grace the Duke of — on the custom of Vails-Giving in England
(1760), pp. 1–9.

58
. Turner, pp. 51–3.

59
. Michael Blount II to his son, 1 February 1761, Blount MSS, of Mapledurham House, Berkshire, with especial thanks to archivist Dr R.G. Williams for generously allowing me access to his extensive transcripts.

60
. Hainsworth, p. 15.

61
. Christie, p. 179; Adrian Tinniswood,
The Polite Tourist: Four Centuries of Country House Visiting
(1998).

62
. Isaac Ware,
A Complete Body of Architecture
(1756–7), reprinted 1971, Book III.

63
. Ware, Book III, p. 406.

64
. Ware, Book III, p. 411.

65
. Ware, Book III, p. 412.

66
. Ware, Book III, p. 413.

67
. Information from Mr Rodney Melville.

68
. Girouard,
Life in the Country House
, p. 219; Hardyment, p. 43.

69
. Christine Hiskey, ‘Downstairs – the Servants and their Life’, in Leo Schmidt (ed.),
Holkham
(2006), pp. 181–5 (afterwards Hiskey).

70
. Hiskey, p. 181.

71
. Hiskey, p. 185.

72
. Hiskey, p. 181.

73
. Hiskey, p. 185.

74
. Hiskey pp. 181–6.

75
. Tessa Murdoch (ed.),
Noble Households: Eighteenth-Century Inventories of Great English Houses: A Tribute to John Cornforth
(2006), pp. 56–7.

76
. Murdoch, p. 57.

77
. Murdoch, p. 255.

78
. Murdoch, pp. 58 and 255.

79
. Murdoch, pp. 280–1.

1
.
Servant’s Practical Guide
(1880), quoted in Horne,
Rise and Fall
, p. 17.

2
. Nathaniel Parker Willis,
Pencillings by the Way
(1844), pp. 444–5.

3
. Booker T. Washington,
Up from Slavery
(1901), p. 286.

4
. F.M.L. Thompson,
English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century
(1964), pp. 122–4 and 186–97.

5
. Jessica Gerard,
Country House Life: Family and Servants 1815–1914
(1994) pp. 190–91 (afterwards Gerard).

6
. H.G. Wells,
An Experiment in Autobiography
(1934), p. 110.

7
. Sambrook,
Keeping Their Place
, pp. 201–4.

8
. Wells,
Experiment in Autobiography
, p. 110.

9
. Wells,
Experiment in Autobiography
, p. 110.

10
. Eric Horne,
What the Butler Winked at
(1923), p. 65.

11
. Wells,
Experiment in Autobiography
, pp. 136–8.

12
. H.G. Wells,
Tono-Bungay
(first published 1909) (1964) Pan edition, p. 14.

13
. Wells,
Tono-Bungay
, p. 18.

14
. Sambrook,
Keeping Their Place
, p. 203.

15
. Sambrook,
Keeping Their Place
, p. 204.

16
. Samuel and Sarah Adams,
The Complete Servant
(1825) (afterwards cited as Adams); see also the modern reprint by Southover Press, 1989, edited by Anne Haly with an introduction by Pamela Horn.

17
. Isabella Beeton,
The Book of Household Management
(1861) (afterwards Beeton), reprinted in facsimile in 1985; it also can be seen at
www.mrsbeeton.com
.

18
. Adams, p. ii.

19
. Adams, p. iii.

20
. Wilton Household Regulations, typescript, p. 1, 2053 Wiltshire and Swindon Record Office; my thanks to John Martin Robinson for drawing my attention to the Wilton papers.

21
. Wilton Household Regulations, typescript, p. 1.

22
. Hartcup, p. 128.

23
. Hartcup, p. 128.

24
. Christopher Simon Sykes,
Country House Camera
(1980), pp. 56–61.

25
. Hartcup, pp. 132–5.

26
.
Petworth Guidebook
; and conversation with the curator, Dai Evans.

27
. Adams, p. 7.

28
. Adams, p. 7 and M.K. Ashley,
Joseph Ashley of Tysoe 1859–1919: a study of village life
(1961), pp. 146–7.

29
. Adams, p. 52.

30
. Pamela Horn,
The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant
(1995), p. 62.

31
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, p. 65.

32
. Elizabeth Mavor, ‘Lady Eleanor Butler (1739–1829) and Sarah Ponsonby (1755–1831)’, in
Oxford Dictionary of Biography
(2004–9).

33
. Information from Lydia Lebus.

34
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, pp. 50–2; Waterson,
The Servants’ Hall
(1990), pp. 81–2.

35
. Duchess of Devonshire,
The House: A Portrait of Chatsworth
(1982), p. 172.

36
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, p. 63.

37
. Hardyment, p. 50.

38
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, p. 64.

39
. Waterfield, p. 18.

40
. Information from Christopher Ridgway, curator of Castle Howard.

41
. Hartcup, p. 45.

42
. Adams, p. 51.

43
. Beeton, para 55.

44
. Beeton, paras 55–62.

45
. Hartcup, pp. 57–8.

46
. Jonathan Gathorne-Hardy,
The Rise and Fall of the British Nanny
(1972), pp. 68–9 (afterwards Gathorne-Hardy).

47
. Adams, p. 254.

48
. Beeton, para 2397.

49
. Gathorne-Hardy, p. 17.

50
. Gathorne-Hardy, p. 303.

51
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, p. 79.

52
. Gathorne-Hardy, p. 26.

53
. Hartcup, p. 111.

54
. Thanks to Lydia Lebus for identifying this.

55
. Maria Edgeworth, letter of 1 January 1820, published in Augustus Hare (ed.),
Life and Letters of Maria Edgeworth
(1894).

56
. Hartcup, p. 111.

57
. Adams, pp. 272–3.

58
. Elizabeth Smith,
Memoirs of a Highland Lady
(1911), pp. 172–4.

59
. Kathryn Hughes,
The Victorian Governess
(1983), p. 91; Alice Renton,
Tyrant or Victim: A History of the British Governess
(1991), pp. 74–5.

60
. Hughes,
Victorian Governess
, p. 59.

61
. G. Berkeley,
My Life and Recollections
(1865), pp. 99–101.

62
. Adams, p. 194.

63
. Beeton, para 84.

64
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, p. 71.

65
. Beeton, para 85.

66
. Adams, pp. 233–4.

67
. Andrew Hann, ‘The Service Wing at Audley End House’ report (2007), p. 13 with thanks to Dr Hann and his English Heritage colleagues for sharing their research so readily; this research informs the current presentation of the servants’ areas at Audley End.

68
. Hartcup, p. 58.

69
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, p. 67; Hartcup, p. 50.

70
. Adams, pp. 236–7.

71
. Beeton, paras 2243–63.

72
. Horn,
Rise and Fall
, p. 68.

73
. Hartcup, pp. 33–4.

74
. Horn, p. 167.

75
. Adams, pp. 276–7.

76
. Adams, p. 235; Hartcup, p. 57.

77
. Adams, p. 277.

78
. Adams, p. 280; Hardyment, pp. 62–7.

79
. Adams, p. 281.

80
. Hartcup, p. 57.

81
. Hartcup, p. 83.

82
. Gerard, p. 245; Turner, p. 263.

83
. Countess of Fingall,
Seventy Years Young
(1937), p. 208.

84
. William Lanceley,
From Hall-Boy to House-Steward
(1925), p. 16 (afterwards Lanceley).

85
. Adams, p. 294.

86
. Dorothy Howell-Thomas,
Goodwood: Letters from Below Stairs
(1976), p. 7, with many thanks to Rosemary Baird of Goodwood House for drawing my attention to this.

87
. Beeton, para 2373.