Women's Bodies, Women's Wisdom (195 page)

51
. Data are from the Houston Healthcare Coalition, Houston, TX (1986); personal communications with Dr. Bethany Hays.

52
. D. A. Luthy, K. K. Shy, et al., “Effects of Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring as Compared with Periodic Auscultation on the Neurologic Development of Premature Infants,”
New England Journal of Medicine
(Mar. 1, 1990), pp. 588–93.

53
. American College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, “Practice Bulletin No. 106: Intrapartum Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: Nomenclature, Interpretation, and General Management Principles,”
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 114, no. 1 (July 2009), pp. 192–202; American College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, “ACOG Refines Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring Guidelines,” press release, June 22, 2009, available online at
www.acog.org/from_home/publications/press_releases/nr06-22-09-2.cfm
.

54
. S. Gardner, “When Your Patient Demands a C-Section,”
OBG Management
(Nov. 1991).

55
. M. H. Hall, “Commentary: Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Death,”
British
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
vol. 97, no. 8 (Aug. 1990), pp. 752–53; N. Schuitemaker et al., “Maternal Mortality After Cesarean Section in the Netherlands,”
Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica,
vol. 76, no. 4 (1997), pp. 332–34.

56
. E. L. Shearer, “Cesarean Section: Medical Benefits and Costs,”
Social Science &
Medicine,
vol. 37, no. 10 (1993), pp. 1223–31; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Task Force on Cesarean Delivery Rates,
Evaluation of Cesarean
Delivery
(Washington, DC: ACOG, 2000).

57
. S. M. Miovich et al., “Major Concerns of Women After Cesarean Delivery,”
Journal
of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing,
vol. 23, no. 1 (1994), pp. 53–59.

58
. E. R. Declercq et al.,
Listening to Mothers: Report of the First National U.S. Survey
of Women’s Childbearing Experiences
(New York: Maternity Center Association/ Harris Interactive Inc., Oct. 2002).

59
. M. Lydon-Rochelle et al., “Association Between Method of Delivery and Maternal Rehospitalization,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
vol. 283, no. 18 (2000), pp. 2411–16.

60
. J. Jolly, J. Walker, and K. Bhabra, “Subsequent Obstetric Performance Related to Primary Mode of Delivery,”
British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
vol. 106, no. 3 (1999), pp. 227–32.

61
. J. M. Crane et al., “Neonatal Outcomes with Placenta Previa,”
Obstetrics and
Gynecology,
vol. 93, no. 4 (1999), pp. 541–44.

62
. G. C. Smith, J. P. Pell, and R. Dobbie, “Caesarean Section and Risk of Unexplained Stillbirth in Subsequent Pregnancy,”
The Lancet,
vol. 362, no. 9398 (November 29, 2003), pp. 1779–84.

63
. T. Rosen, “Placenta Accreta and Cesarean Scar Pregnancy: Overlooked Costs of the Rising Cesarean Section Rate,”
Clinics in Perinatology,
vol. 35, no. 3 (September 2008), pp. 519–29.

64
. March of Dimes, medical references: preterm birth.
http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1157.asp
.

65
. M. A. Van Ham, P. W. van Dongen, and J. Mulder, “Maternal Consequences of Caesarean Section. A Retrospective Study of Intra-Operative and Postoperative Maternal Complications of Caesarean Section During a 10-Year Period,”
European
Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology,
vol. 74, no. 1 (1997), pp. 1–6.

66
. D. J. Annibale et al., “Comparative Neonatal Morbidity of Abdominal and Vaginal Deliveries After Uncomplicated Pregnancies,”
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent
Medicine,
vol. 149, no. 8 (1995), pp. 862–67.

67
. E. M. Levine et al., “Mode of Delivery and Risk of Respiratory Diseases in Newborns,”
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 97, no. 3 (2001), pp. 439–42.

68
. T. Schlinzig et al., “Epigenetic Modulation at Birth—Altered DNA-Methylation in White Blood Cells After Caesarean Section,”
Acta Paediatrica.
vol. 98, no. 7 (July 2009), pp. 1096–9.

69
. K. Hartmann et al., “Outcomes of Routine Episiotomy: A Systematic Review,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
vol. 293, no. 17 (May 4, 2005), pp. 2141–48.

70
. P. Shiono et al., “Midline Episiotomies: More Harm Than Good,”
American Journal
of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 75, no. 5 (May 1990), pp. 765–70.

71
. Walker et al., “Epidural Anesthesia, Episiotomy, and Obstetric Laceration,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 77, no. 5 (May 1991), pp. 668–71.

72
. J. Ecker et al., “Is There a Benefit to Episiotomy at Operative Vaginal Delivery: Observations over 10 Years in a Stable Population,”
American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology,
vol. 176 (1997), pp. 411–14.

73
. K. Hartmann et al., “Outcomes of Routine Episiotomy: A Systematic Review,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
vol. 293, no. 17 (May 4, 2005), pp. 2141–48.

74
. J. Press et al., “Mode of Delivery and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of the Literature on Urinary and Fecal Incontinence and Sexual Dysfunction by Mode of Delivery,” Medscape Ob/Gyn and Women’s Health, Clinical Update (posted Jan. 17, 2006), available at
http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/4989
.

75
. James Thorpe et al., “The Effect of Continuous Epidural Anesthesia on Cesarean Sections for Dystocia in Primiparous Patients,”
American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynecology,
vol. 161, no. 3 (Sept. 1989); H. Kaminski, A. Stafl, and J. Aiman, “The Effect of Epidural Analgesia on the Frequency of Instrumental Obstetric Delivery,”
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 69, no. 5 (May 1987); L. Fusi, P. J. Steer, M. J. A. Maresh, and R. W. Bears, “Maternal Pyrexia Associated with the Use of Epidural Analgesia in Labour,”
The Lancet,
vol. 1, no. 8649 (1989), pp. 1250–1.

76
. E. Lieberman et al., “Association of Epidural Analgesia with Cesarean Delivery in Nulliparas,”
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 88 (1996), pp. 993–1000; Shiv Sharma et al., “Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Trial of Epidural Versus Patient-Controlled Meperidine Analgesia During Labor,”
Anesthesiology,
vol. 87, no. 3 (1997), pp. 487–94; David Chestnut, “Epidural Analgesia and the Incidence of Cesarean Section,”
Anesthesiology,
vol. 87, no. 3 (1997), pp. 472–76.

77
. E. Lieberman et al., “Changes in Fetal Position During Labor and Their Association with Epidural Analgesia,”
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 105, no. 5, Pt. 1 (May 2005), pp. 974–82.

78
. E. Lieberman, “Epidural Analgesia, Intrapartum Fever, and Neontal Sepsis Evaluation,”
Pediatrics,
vol. 99, no. 1 (1997), 415–19.

79
. “Peter Chamberlen, the Elder.” 2010. Encyclopedia Brittanica Online. March 11, 2010.

80
. Known as the McRoberts maneuver, this can be demonstrated by bringing your legs up into a squatting position while lying on your back.

81
. M. Klaus, J. Kennell, and P. Klaus,
Mothering the Mother: How a Doula Can
Help You Have Shorter, Easier, and Healthier Birth
(New York: Addison-Wesley, 1993), p. 25.

82
. Jacqueline Stenson, “Number of C-Sections Must Be Reduced,”
Medical Tribune
(May 2, 1996).

83
. Reported in
Medical Tribune
(Mar. 21, 1996).

84
. M. B. Landon et al., “Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes Associated with a Trial of Labor After Prior Cesarean Delivery,”
New England Journal of Medicine,
vol. 351, no. 25 (Dec. 16, 2004), pp. 2581–89.

85
. B. D. Kamath et al. “Neonatal Outcomes After Elective Cesarean Delivery,”
Obstetrics
and Gynecology,
vol. 113, no. 6 (June 2009), pp. 1231–8.

86
. Membranes rarely rupture from pelvic examinations. Perhaps mine did because of an unusual umbilical cord insertion on the membranes, known as a velamentous in sertion. Or maybe they were just ready to go!

87
. As we will see, being “distracted” in the middle of a process as important as labor may not be the best approach.

88
. Vicki Noble,
Shakti Woman
(San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1992).

Chapter 13

1
. Marshall H. Klaus and John H. Kennell,
Maternal-Infant Bonding
(St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby Company, 1976).

2
. Ibid.

3
. C. M. Huhn et al., “Tactile-Kinesthetic Stimulation Effects on Sympathetic and Adrenocortical Function in Preterm Infants,”
Journal of Pediatrics,
vol. 119, no.

3 (1991), pp. 434–40.

4
. Actually, the first studies on putting babies in incubators were done on premature babies who weren’t expected to live and who therefore had been “discarded” by their mothers. Martin Cooney, a pioneer in neonatal care, put a group of these infants in incubators and toured with them, even to the Chicago World’s Fair, where he had an attraction called “Live Babies in Incubator”; its receipts were second only to those of Sally Rand the Fan Dancer. Once he got the babies to a certain weight, he tried to give them back to their mothers, but the mothers didn’t want them, having formed no emotional tie with them. This information is from Ken-nell and Klaus,
Maternal-Infant Bonding.

5
. G. M. Morley, “Cord Closure: Can Hasty Clamping Injure the Newborn?”
OBG
Management,
vol. 10, no. 7 (1998), pp. 29–36; S. Kinmond et al., “Umbilical Cord Clamping and Preterm Infants: A Randomised Trial,”
British Medical Journal,
vol. 306, no. 6871 (1993), pp. 172–75. If a blood pressure gauge is placed on an unclamped umbilical cord, it will pick up pressure rises as high as 60 mm Hg with each uterine contraction. This indicates that these contractions are intimately involved in the transfer of placental blood through the cord. A striking pressure rise, which persists through the first few hours of life, is also evident in the baby’s vena cava and right atrium of the heart. All studies on this in dicate a significantly higher systemic pressure in infants who have been clamped late (90 percent in the first nine hours) and conversely, a significant drop in those early-clamped infants (70 percent of systemic by the second hour, and almost 50 percent of systemic by the fourth hour) (A. J. Moss and M. Monset-Couchard, “Placental Transfusion; Early Versus Late Clamping of the Umbilical Cord,”
Pediatrics,
vol. 40, no. 1 [July 1967], pp. 109–26). The placental blood normally belongs to the infant, and his or her failure to get this blood is equivalent to sub mitting the newborn to a severe hemorrhage at birth. The time of cord clamping may be involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (the earlier clamped, the more respiratory distress) (S. Saigal et al., “Placental Transfusion and Hyperbiliru-binemia in the Premature,”
Pediatrics,
vol. 49, no. 3 [March 1972], pp. 406–19). Placental blood acts as a source of nourishment that protects infants against the breakdown of body protein (Q. B. De Marsh et al., “The Effect of Depriving the Infant of Its Placental Blood,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
vol. 116, no. 23 [June 7, 1941], pp. 2568–73). Studies have shown that immediate cord clamping prolongs the average duration of the third stage and greatly increases maternal blood loss (S. Z. Walsh, “Maternal Effects of Early and Late Clamping of the Umbilical Cord,”
The Lancet,
vol. 1, no. 7550 [May 11, 1968], pp. 996–97).

6
. E. K. Hutton and E. S. Hassan, “Late vs. Early Clamping of the Umbilical Cord in Full-Term Neonates,”
Journal of the American Medical Association,
vol. 297, no. 11 (March 21, 2007), pp. 1241–52.

7
. G. Eichenbaum-Pikser and J. S. Zasloff, “Delayed Clamping of the Umbilical Cord: A Review with Implications for Practice,”
Journal of Midwifery and
Women’s Health,
vol. 54, no. 4 (July–August 2009), pp. 321–26.

8
. Also see G. M. Morley, “Cord Closure: Can Hasty Clamping Injure the Newborn?”
OBG Management
(July 1998), pp. 29–36.

9
. Shaila Kulkarni Misri,
Pregnancy Blues: What Every Woman Needs to Know
About Depression During Pregnancy
(New York: Delacorte Press, 2005).

10
. H. Vinamaki et al., “Evolution of Postpartum Mental Health,”
Journal of Psychosomatic
Obstetrics and Gynecology,
vol. 18 (1997), pp. 213–19; D. D. Affonso and G. Domino, “Postpartum Depression: A Review,”
Birth,
vol. 11, no. 4 (Winter 1984), pp. 231–35.