A Workbook to Communicative Grammar of English (43 page)

Task three **

1. do that; 2. do it; 3. do that; 4. do that; 5. does so; 6. do so; 7. do that; 8. do that; 9. do that; 10. do so

9.5. Substitutes for
wh
-clauses and
to
-infinitive clauses

Sections 387–389; 94; 99; 376

Task **

1. I don’t know where; 2. I’d love to; 3. I don’t know when; 4. if you want to; 5. it; 6. that; 7. this; 8. if you want me to; 9. I don’t want to; 10. How do you know that?; 11. I can’t bear to; 12. this

9.6. Omission with non-finite and verbless clauses

Sections 392–394; 493–494

Task one **

1.
This man, well-known to me, caused all the problems in the department.

2.
I expect to see you while I’m in London.

3.
Next month is the time to visit Italy.

4.
A born leader, James soon attracted the attention of the company management.

5.
Having retired from the army, he gave up his title of General.

6.
Doubting that she would come, he made plans to go with another woman.

7.
Knowing how you behaved in the past, I cannot accept you as a member of the group.

8.
Ian had thought of seeing a film that evening.

9.
Having been given so much time, he should have completed the work.

10.
Please get me a taxi. Having drunk so much, I mustn’t drive my car tonight.

Task two **

1.
While knowing Maria had cheated in the exam, Tom, nonetheless, congratulated her warmly.

2.
Going to Sweden for his job, he decided to wait until he was there before buying a new winter coat.

3.
Since living here, I’ve not made any real friends.

4.
Whether rich or poor, Joe always organized a good party on his birthday.

5.
After reading that best-seller about an old woman, Mary felt she was able to cope with old age.

6.
When meeting her after several years; he felt very sorry they had not become close friends.

7.
After retiring, he lived in Tasmania.

8.
Not knowing the way, I’d rather you drove.

9.
Since knowing the truth about them, he has become very wary of them.

10.
Though unsuccessful in their last business, they are determined to start again.

UNIT TEN

Conditions

10.1. Open and hypothetical conditions

Sections 207–210; 275; 366–367

Task one *

1. Type 2; 2. Type 1 – ‘
provided that
’ can be replaced with ‘if’; 3. Type 3 – ‘
supposing
’ can be replaced with ‘if’; 4. Type 1 – ‘
so long as
’ can be replaced with ‘if’; 5. Type 1 – a general truth, ‘
unless
’ can be replaced with ‘if … not’; 6. Both Type 1 – general truths, ‘
slowing down if necessary
’ = ‘you should slow down if it is necessary’; 7. Type 1 – ‘
provided that
’ can be replaced with ‘if’; 8. Type 1 – general truth, ‘
unless
’ can be replaced with ‘if … not’; 9. Type 2 – ‘
if given
’ = ‘if they were given’; 10. Type 1 – general truth, ‘
in case of burglary
’ = ‘if you are burgled’; 11. Type 2 – ‘
in the event of renewed terrorist attacks
’ = ‘if there were renewed terrorist attacks’; 12. Type 3 – ‘
without the official sanction of the Nazi regime
’ = ‘if the Nazi regime hadn’t sanctioned it’.

Task two **

1.
Given the opportunity
= If it is given / If there is the opportunity; 2.  
Without fear
= If people weren’t afraid; 3.
In case of anticipated payment
= If you have already paid; 4.
Giving people confidence
= If you give people confidence; 5.
In the case of the latter’s death, removal from office or disability
= If the governor dies, is removed from office or is disabled; 6.
Don’t drive so fast or
= If you drive so fast; 7. If you don’t comply with the rules, one point will be deducted or you will be disqualified; 8.
In the event of my not being elected
= If I am not elected; 9.
But for the protesters
= If there hadn’t been any protesters; 10.
in case of a conflict
= if there was a conflict; 11.
By a proper freedom of information bill
= If there had been a proper freedom of information bill; 12.
Without reform and better relations with the United States
= If there isn’t any reform or there aren’t better relations with the United States; 13.
Cling too long to yesterday’s strategy and
= If you cling too
long to yesterday’s strategy; 14. If the violence intensified, it would be difficult to reach a negotiated settlement.

Task three **

1. ever visit – don’t miss; 2. send / would send – strike/struck; 3. rose – would be; 4. will cause – are; 5. would probably have developed – had not moved; 6. were (or: would be) – could; 7. would never have paid – hadn’t lent; 8. had not taught – would almost certainly have drowned; 9. wouldn’t have – had chosen; 10. had made – would still survive; 11. will have – arise; 12. had caught – would have sent

Task four (suggested answers) **

1.
………., tell him the game starts at 7 o’clock.

2.
………., would you accept his apologies?

3.
………. if I can return it by Friday.

4.
If you’d seen so many extra charges, ……….

5.
………. if I had known it was going to be in the papers.

6.
………. you explained everything, ……….

7.
………., you would have been very angry.

8.
………. you had thought he would have behaved in that way.

9.
They’re not going to support you, ……….

10.
………., get help.

11.
If I misbehaved, ……….

12.
………. they had managed to conquer Everest with such poor equipment.

13.
………., I would raise taxes and have better public services.

14.
………. Hitler hadn’t fought on two fronts in 1943.

15.
………. hadn’t conquered Britain, the British would have remained a very closed society.

Task five ***

1.
20 January: A leading official in Germany WOULDN’T HAVE HANGED himself IF a parliamentary group HAD NOT BEGUN an investigation into illicit payments to his party in the 1990s.

2.
27 February: The Limpopo River in southern Africa WOULDN’T HAVE OVERFLOWED its banks IF THERE HADN’T BEEN weeks of heavy rain and flooding.

3.
10 March: IF a dam in a Romanian mine HADN’T BROKEN, THERE WOULDN’T HAVE BEEN a spillage of toxic metals into nearby rivers.

4.
5 April: IF THERE HADN’T BEEN A computer glitch, the London Stock Exchange WOULDN’T HAVE CLOSED DOWN for nearly eight hours on the last day of Great Britain’s fiscal year.

5.
12 May: UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan WOULDN’T HAVE CRITICIZED the US IF IT HAD PARTICIPATED fully in peacekeeping operations in Africa.

6.
9 June: Buenos Aires WOULDN’T HAVE BEEN BROUGHT to a virtual standstill IF workers HADN’T STAGED a one-day strike to protest the Argentine government’s austerity plan.

7.
2 July: The former communist rulers in Mongolia WOULDN’T HAVE BEEN RETURNED to power IF they HADN’T WON a landslide victory in the general election.

8.
12 August: The Russian nuclear submarine
Kursk
WOULDN’T HAVE SUNK in the Barents Sea IF the hull HADN’T BEEN DAMAGED by a series of explosions.

9.
16 September: Public transportation in Los Angeles WOULDN’T HAVE SHUT DOWN IF the United Transportation Union HADN’T GONE on strike.

10.
5 October: IF THERE HADN’T BEEN a challenge from Germany, the European Court of Justice WOULDN’T HAVE HALTED a proposed European Union-wide ban on tobacco advertising.

11.
30 November: The city of Bethlehem WOULDN’T HAVE CANCELLED its traditional Christmas celebration IF THERE HADN’T BEEN ongoing violence between Israelis and Palestinians.

12.
7 December: Officials in California WOULDN’T HAVE DECLARED a stage-three power alert IF electricity reserves HADN’T DROPPED to dangerous levels.

Task six ***

10.2. Other ways of expressing hypothetical meaning

Sections 277–278

Task *

1. Had we known ………; 2. Were this to be true ………; 3. Should you have ………; 4. Had we realized ………; 5. ……… were such an incident to happen; 6. Had this man been assisted ………; 7. Should this not be ………; 8. Were they ever to build ………; 9. ……… should anything go wrong.; 10. Were a solution to be ………; 11. Had the women been given ………; 12. ……… were someone to find …

10.3. Condition and contrast

Sections 213–214; 368

Task ***

1.
This pup will win your heart, EVEN IF you don’t like dogs.

2.
Your panoramic view of the lake is breathtaking WHENEVER / NO MATTER WHEN you choose to come.

3.
EVEN IF your home is only temporary, you can STILL decorate with style.

4.
WHETHER you have good credit OR a past history of credit problems, our experts will help you every step of the way.

5.
Every child has a legal right to financial support EVEN IF they are children of divorced parents.

6.
HOWEVER far away you may be, I will always love you.

7.
WHEREVER you are travelling, you’ll find a familiar place where you can relax.

8.
WHETHER OR NOT you are advanced, there’s one more trick for you to consider.

9.
WHATEVER people are saying, just do your own thing.

10.
EVEN IF you are not an art lover, I still think this collection is something for you.

11.
You are going to have fun WHETHER you like it OR NOT.

12.
The US appeals court has made the right ruling EVEN IF it is difficult to enforce.

UNIT ELEVEN

Comparison

11.1. Comparison 1

Section 227; 500–504

Task one **

1. most serious – older/elder; 2. ablest / most able – further; 3. worse – more drastic; 4. unhappiest – more wrong; 5. cleverer – shallowest; 6. most carefully – more disastrously; 7. hardest – most densely; 8. more highly – best; 9. more acutely – most autocratically; 10. less – more widely – more/most truly; 11. older – more closely; 12. more heavily – nearest; 13. more/most thorough – most hotly; 14. most emphatically – least; 15. longest – greatest – more delicious.

Task two **

a. latest = the most recent; b. last = opposite to first/Germany is at the bottom of the list.

Task three **

1.
The Red Bull is the best pub in the Northern Hemisphere.

2.
Winnie is the most attractive of the three girls.

3.
Religious fundamentalism is the worst of our enemies.

4.
The Ibans are the fiercest tribe in Borneo.

5.
The moon landing was the most exciting event in the 1960s.

6.
Gregory is the toughest of Sam’s opponents.

7.
Shirley is the most competent secretary in the department.

8.
The Thirty Years’ War was the bloodiest conflict in 17
^th
century Europe.

9.
David is the brightest of my overseas students.

10.
Malaria is the most common of present-day tropical diseases.

11.
Bologna is the oldest university in the world.

12.
Nero was the most ruthless of the Roman emperors.

11.2. Comparison 2

Sections 225–226; 505–507

Task one (suggested answers) **

1.
Angela’s skin is lighter than mine. / My skin isn’t as light as Angela’s.

2.
Most voters are not as optimistic as our politicians. / Our politicians aren’t so pessimistic as most voters.

3.
I was feeling worse than Cynthia. / Cynthia wasn’t feeling as bad as me.

4.
I don’t look as healthy as Boris. / I look less healthy than Boris.

5.
There were more casualties in the coach than there were in the train. / There were fewer casualties in the train than there were in the coach.

6.
Adrian arrived earlier than me. / I didn’t arrive as early as Adrian.

7.
The anti-globalists weren’t dealt with as leniently as the hooligans. / The anti-globalists were dealt with less leniently than the hooligans.