Amerithrax (73 page)

Ressam, Ahmed, 50

Resumes (fictional) of Hatfill, 357– 59, 389, 407, 416

Return address, missing or fictional, 59, 64, 69, 73, 81,

103–4

Revell, Oliver, 29 Reward for Amerithrax

apprehension, 126–27, 204,

239, 261, 305

Rhodes University in South Africa, 363, 389, 407

Richardson, Josefa, 166

Richmond, Leroy, 126, 132–33,

134, 138–39, 141, 234, 235,

260, 433

Ridge, Tom, 134, 157, 158, 159,

163, 204, 206, 310, 319–20,

393

Rifampin, 135, 140, 168

Right-wing activists’ stockpiling of bio-agents, 75

Rodriguez, Esteban, 368

Rod-shaped bacteria, 9–10, 15

Rosario, Diader, 377 Rosenberg, Barbara Hatch, 131,

308, 325, 395, 401, 402, 415

Ross, Brian, 407

Roth, Bob, 387, 400 Roth, James A., 201 Rowland, John, 243 Rudolph, Eric Robert, 378 Rumbelow, Donald, 442

Rumors circulated by FBI about Steven Hatfill, 355, 374–75,

398–99

Rumsfeld, Donald, 144

Rybicki, Ed, 358

Sabre Oxidation Technologies, 287, 345

Sacramento Vampire Killer (Richard Trenton Chase), 220– 21, 431

St. Petersburg Post Office, 70 Salk Center, 293, 316, 331

Salzberg, Steven, 313

Sannikov, Vladimir, 190

Sarcoidosis, 128

Satan Bug, The
(MacLean), 369– 70

Satcher, David, 181 Saylor, M. V., 172–73

“Scent packs” for bloodhounds, 383

Schuch, Raymond, 431

Schultz, “Dutch,” 170

Science Applications International Corp. (SAIC), 328, 330, 366,

391, 395, 418

Science loner with grudge against society, 226–28, 233

Scientists as suspects, 202, 263,

272–73, 301–2, 305, 309,

331

Scott, Andrew, 425

Security issues at Institute, 294, 295–96

Selous, F. Courtney, 358 Selous Scouts, 358, 437

Sentman, J. E., 223, 224

September 11, 2001, 1–3, 39–40,

52, 422, 440, 441.
See also

Hijackers of 9-11 as suspects Serafin, Barry, 406–7

Serratia marcescens
(SM), 176, 281, 284

Shady Grove exercise, 285 Shapiro, Jonathan, 374, 390,

404

Shapiro, Walter, 69 Shehhi, Marwan al- (9-11

hijacker), 39, 40, 41, 48

Sheih, Wun-Ju, 62

Siberia and bioweapons, 143–44 Side, Hu, 379

Silberling, Tracy, 252

Silica to prevent clumping, 87, 161, 230, 292, 309

Simons, Allyson, 159

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), 299, 314

Sizov, Vladimir, 185

Skidmore, David, 312

Skipper, Kathy, 428

“Slurry” form of anthrax, 155 “Smart Tickets,” 113

Smith, Craig, 272

Soldiers, USPS as, 214, 237, 238,

290–91

Sombrotto, Vince, 159, 169

Sommerville, Frank, 367

Son of Sam (David Berkowitz), 221

Sorting machines, 55, 106, 107,

177, 247

Soukup, Joseph, 330, 407 Southern Connecticut Processing

and Distribution Center (Wallingford), 240, 241, 243,

245, 246, 312

Southwest Post Office Station, 110, 167, 168

Soviet Union.
See also
Stepnogorsk Scientific Experimental and Production Base; Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg)

bioweapons and, 84, 88, 90, 91–

92, 142–43, 184, 199, 332–37

Vector, 50, 287, 338–39

Spertzel, Richard, 43, 118, 142–43,

151, 261, 302, 367

Spider bites vs. anthrax, 60, 61

Stanlewicz, Bobby, 353 Stans, Maurice H., 171
Star,
6, 7

Staritsin, Nikolai A., 340 Star of David, 7 Stepnogorsk Scientific

Experimental and Production Base

antibiotic-resistant anthrax, 335–

36, 341

Biopreparat “The Concern,” 337, 338

Building 221, 337–38 lethality of anthrax at, 336–37

production capacity of, 335, 338

Strain 836, 335–36

Stevens, Bob, 7–12, 14–16, 17, 18,

20, 21–22

Stevenson, Cleveland, 54, 409 Stockpiling smallpox and anthrax

vaccines, 207, 310, 321 Stokes, J. R., 172–73

Strain 836, 185, 186, 200, 333,

334, 335–36

Straus, David, 18

Streptococcus pneumoniae,
15 “Study of the Vulnerability of

Subway Passengers in New York City to Covert Action with Biological Agents” (Institute), 176

Stuurman, Angela, 389

Sun,
6, 7, 37, 41, 426

Super anthrax (Russian), 340

Survival rates, 18, 212–13 Survivors, problems of, 234–35,

310

Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), 183–

200.
See also
Vozrozhdeniye Island (Rebirth Island)

accidental release of anthrax, 185–88

animal deaths, 191, 194, 200 Biological and Toxic Weapons

Convention, 1972 (BTWC),

197

“biological Chernobyl,” 182 “burning wind of plague,” 188–

90

ceramics plant, 189

Chkalovskiy district, 188–89

Compound 19, 184, 185, 187–

88, 195, 199

Compound 32, 187–88 cover story (infected meat

epidemic), 198, 199

culturing of anthrax, 185, 186

decontamination, 196 destruction of anthrax, 200 duration of outbreak, 199–200 fatality rates, 189–90, 199–200

filter, blocked, 186–87

gastrointestinal anthrax, 198

hemorrhagic lesions, 194

Japan’s Unit 731 and, 184

medical community, 191–95 men, three-quarters of victims,

188

military production in, 184 natural outbreak of anthrax, 197 rats, carrying of anthrax, 184–85 reactor spill into city sewer, 184–

85

Strain 836, 185, 186, 200, 333

vaccination campaign, 195

vaccine experiments, 185–86 Vozrozhdeniye Island (Rebirth

Island), 333–35

Swerdlow, David L., 240 Symington, Robert Burns, 358 Symptoms of anthrax

Bob Stevens, 10–11, 12, 13–14,

15, 16, 17–18

David Hose, 179

“false recovery” period, 11–12 incubation period, 16–17 initial stage symptoms, 211 Joseph Curseen, 137, 140

Jyotsna Patel, 118, 128 Kathy T. Nguyen, 166–68

Leroy Richmond, 126, 132, 134,

138–39, 141

lesions from, 59–61

Linda Burch, 125, 141

lung damage from, 8, 9, 13, 14–

15, 22

lymph system crippled by, 10, 17, 22

mediastinal widening, 13, 14

Norma Wallace, 110–11, 129,

140

Ottilie Lundgren, 239–40

pulmonary infiltrations, 13 second stage symptoms, 212 Thomas L. Morris, Jr., 127, 135,

137

“Syndromic surveillance” (dead dogs and cats), 180

Syria and bioweapons, 142

Taping of letters, 52, 101, 163,

201, 255

Teska, Jeff, 253

Teten, Howard D., 227 Theoharis, Athan, 405

Thomas, Curry, 222–25

Thompson, Tommy, 19, 33, 38,

134, 157, 159, 162, 320

Thorton, Emma, 216

Threat Matrix index (CIA), 165 Threats in letters, 57–58, 59, 65,

73, 82, 112–13, 254

Thurman, Maxwell R. “Mad Max,” 151

TIGR.
See
Institute for Genomic Research

Tokyo botulinum attack, 266–67 Toxic dust at Ground Zero, 2–3,

52, 57, 72, 111, 125, 352–53,

424

Trenton Post Office, 55, 168, 172,

174–75, 241, 345

Trimming of paper, 58, 82, 100–

101, 202

Troxler, Howard, 73–74

Tsonas, Christos, 41–43 Tuskegee Syphilis Study, 285

Unabomber (Ted Kaczynski), 218, 222, 223, 227, 228, 231, 232,

233, 258, 420

Underwood, Tara, 139

United Airlines Flight 93 wreckage searched for anthrax, 42–43

UN Resolution 687, 153 “Un-terrorist-like” actions of

Amerithrax, 163

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAM-RIID).
See
Institute

U.S. cases of anthrax, 25–26

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 44– 47

U.S. government.
See also
Political targets

accountability of anthrax, 305 alerts, grading, 204

biodefense readiness, 342

biodetection systems, 214 Biological and Toxic Weapons

Convention, 1972 (BTWC),

91, 197, 326

bioterrorism authorization bill, 316

bioterror medicines, rules speeding approval, 317

U.S. government
(cont.)

coordination (lack of) among federal agencies, 321

deadline for Amerithrax case, 440

DNA synthesis industry, controlling, 343

fear, dealing with, 69

funds (additional), 206, 217–18,

289, 310–11, 319, 435

Gulf War vets, sickness in, 153 health care workers, vaccinations

for, 320

“high consequence” scenarios, 310

high-tech detection of bioweapons, 341–42

immobilized by anthrax letters, 138, 435

Iraq tensions, 162, 324, 375, 436 labs with germ collections and

law, 76

military protection from anthrax, 151–52

Presidential Decision Directive 39, 271

prior knowledge of bioterrorist attack, 318

Project TOPOFF, 206

public anxiety, 33, 57, 68 70,

77, 78, 124, 181, 208–9, 239

reassurance to country, 19, 33,

69, 236–37

stockpiling smallpox and anthrax vaccines, 207, 310, 321

USPS of infection, informing, 138

U.S. military labs focus by FBI, 261, 293

U.S. Postal Inspection Service, 170–

74.
See also
Monsters of the mail

airplane crashes and, 218 anonymous letters, 172

arrests made by, 171 cases of, 170

death penalty for stealing mail, 170

fear of inspectors, 170–71 firearms of, 171

Hatfill, connection to public mailbox near Princeton, 410

mailbox used by Amerithrax, searching for, 387, 388–89

murder by mail, 171–72 “Operation Avalanche,” 171

origins of, 170

phosphorus poisoning, 172–74 poison by mail, 172–74 profiling, 219

Public Law 85-268, 171–72

“surveyors,” 170

U.S. Postal Service (USPS), 126–

44.
See also
Cross- contamination

advice for suspect mail, 209–11, 289

air filtration system, 217 American Postal Workers Union,

246, 347

anchor of “normality,” 159 bar codes, 242, 243 biological indicator strip, 217 blaming CDC, 205

bombs in mail, 178

carriers’ extensive knowledge of territory, 178

ciprofloxacin therapy given to employees, 131, 135, 140,

168

closing post offices, 131, 139,

141, 161, 167

clumping of mail, 102, 105 collection time of letters, 54 compensation for injuries, 235–

36, 260

delivery vehicles for anthrax, 5– 6, 36, 38

depression in employees, 320 direct-mail business, 204, 218,

244

doxycycline given to employees, 168

dust vacuuming system, 217 edger-feeder, 54

electron-beam radiation, 161,

215, 216, 293

Emergency Response to Mail Allegedly Containing Anthrax,
164

employees, not given antibiotics, 127, 168, 319, 433

environment testing of centers, 165

exposure to infection, 127 facer-canceler, 54

filtering face piece (FFP), 202–3, 213

follow-up information (lacking), 202

funds (additional) for, 206, 217–

18

government informing of infection implications, 138

HEPA filters, 217

“identified-mailer” initiative, 217

ironing envelopes, 215

irradiating mail, 215–16, 289,

306, 312

killing anthrax, 214–15

letter codes, 104

lying to employees, 245–46 machines, cleaning with blowers,

107, 134

mail treated as toxic waste, 238 mass spectrometry system, 217 mathematical model of anthrax

contamination, 245 National Association of Letter

Carriers (NALC), 131–32,

159, 168–69

National Postal Mail Handlers Union, 207

911 call from Thomas L. Morris,

Jr., 135–37, 139, 205

non-testing of employees, 126 optical character reader, 55 overreaction, cautioning, 129–30 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

technology, 216

postal coding for tracing letters, 53–54

post-marking, 54–55

public appreciation of, 238–39 radiation treatment of mail, 165,

215, 289

reluctance to return to decontaminated facilities, 346–

47

revenues down, 238

safety compromised, admitting, 204

safety measures, 160–61, 164–

65, 202–3, 213, 215–17, 247

security measures, 181

soldiers, employees as, 214, 237,

238, 290–91

sorting centers, 104–5

sorting machines, 55, 105–8,

177, 247

St. Petersburg Post Office, 70– 71

steam for killing, 215

testing employees for anthrax, 138, 141, 169

testing facilities for anthrax, 126, 168, 207, 312

USPS News Talk,
129–30, 202–

3

vaccination program for all, 312– 13

zip code translator, 55

U.S. supplier of bacteria

to Iraq, 144, 147, 149, 161–62

to Shoko Asahara, 267

U.S. Supreme Court Warehouse, 110

USPS News Talk,
129–30, 202–3

Ustinov, Nikolai, 88

Vaccine for anthrax Amerithrax and, 101, 229

endorsement of, 308–9, 322 FBI focus on recipients of, 261 health care workers and, 320 inoculation scheme, 321–22

Institute and, 151

reactions to, 154, 322–23 Steven J. Hatfill and, 390–91,

396

stockpiling, 181, 321 super anthrax and, 340 supply (short), 18

U.S. Postal Service (USPS) and, 312–13

Van Zandt, Clint, 232

Variable Number Tandem Repeats (VNTRs), 299

Vector, 50, 287, 338–39

Vector
(Cook), 112, 369