Discourse and Defiance Under Nazi Occupation: Guernsey, Channel Islands, 1940-1945 (76 page)

54
. Robin, October 10, 1940.

55
. Ord, 78 (October 10, 1940).

56
. James C. Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 41–42.

57
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 48 (December 2, 1940). Dr. Richard Brosch served as the Kriegsverwaltungassessor (war administration assessor). His name as it appears in the original document (i.e., Brotsch) is used here in the transcribed conversation.

58
. Sauvary,
Diary
, 121–22 (January 15, 1942).

59
. Robin, October 5, 1940.

60
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 137 (November 2, 1942).

61
. Unlike the question-answer joke in the GDR revolution, there does not appear to have been one dominant type of joke structure in the Occupation; Kerry Kathleen Riley,
Everyday Subversion: From Joking to Revolting in the German Democratic Republic
(East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2008), 68–86.

62
. Robin, March 30, 1943; Evans, Violet Carey Diary entry for April 7, 1943, 77–78.

63
. Ord, 353 (September 7, 1942).

64
. F. K. M. Hillenbrand,
Underground Humour in Nazi Germany, 1933–1945
(London: Routledge, 1995), xvi–xvii.

65
. Lisa Tickner,
The Spectacle of Women: Imagery of the Suffrage Campaign, 1907–1914
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 163.

66
. Ord, 522 (June 7, 1943).

67
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 48 (December 2, 1940).

68
. Ord, 178–79 (July 19, 1941).

69
. Ord, 478 (April 4, 1943).

70
. Sauvary,
Diary
, 118 (January 2, 1942).

71
. Robin, 9–10 (March 12 and March 17, 1944).

72
. Warry, June 8, 1942.

73
. Robin, November 11, 1941.

74
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 57 (February 7, 1941).

75
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 90 (November 14, 1941).

76
. Ord, 493 (May 2, 1943). The first thought is that Ambrose Robin might be this States official, but Robin describes himself as being at Brock Road Church that evening.

77
. Ord, 493 (May 2, 1943).

78
. Ord, 498 (May 7, 1943).

79
. Robin, May 7, 1943.

80
. Ord, 498 (May 7, 1943).

81
. Hazel R. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face of the Channel Islands Occupation: Record, Memory, and Myth
(Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 147.

82
. Edwin Parks, “Occupied Guernsey ‘let the minority go to the wall,’”
Guernsey Evening Press
, January 26, 1995.

83
. Jurat John Leale,
Report of Five Years of German Occupation
, May 23, 1945, M0004390GY, Priaulx Library, Guernsey, section A.

84
. John W. Jordan, “Sabotage or Performed Compliance: Rhetorics of Resistance in Temp Worker Discourse,”
Quarterly Journal of Speech
89, no. 1 (February 2003): 30.

85
. Scott,
Domination
, 3.

86
. Jordan, “Sabotage,” 30.

87
. Jordan, “Sabotage,” 30 and 36.

88
. Scott,
Domination
, 3.

89
. Scott,
Domination
, 3.

90
. Leale,
Report
, section C.

91
. Lewis, October 9–12, 1940.

92
. Lewis, November 23, 1942.

93
. Leale,
Report
, section B.

94
. Lewis, March 17, 1942.

95
. Leale,
Report
, section D.

96
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 49–50.

97
. Leale,
Report
, section B.

98
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 51.

99
. It truly is an ancient trick, honed by rhetoricians of the Second Sophistic, the period of the Roman Empire when “speaking truth to power” was accomplished at the cost of one's life.

100
. Ord, 39 (August 2, 1940).

101
. Higgs, 12 (August 3, 1940).

102
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 33.

103
. Scott,
Domination
, 110.

104
. Leale,
Report
, section C.

105
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 110 (October 29, 1941).

106
. Williams, 20 (1942–no other date).

107
. Leale,
Report
, section E.

108
. Leale,
Report
, section D.

109
. Leale,
Report
, section D.

110
. Scott,
Domination
, 4.

111
. Scott,
Domination
, 11.

112
. Scott,
Domination
, 11.

113
. Bunting,
Model Occupation
, 77–80.

114
. Scott,
Domination
, 35.

115
. Scott,
Domination
, 3 and 162.

116
. Ord, 178 (July 6, 1941).

117
. Ord, 180–81 (July 9, 1941).

118
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 31.

119
. Ord, 180–81 (July 9, 1941).

120
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 32.

121
. Ord, 180 (July 9, 1941).

122
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 32.

123
. Lewis, May 8, 1943.

124
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 211 (February 1944).

125
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 152.

126
. Frederick Cohen,
The Jews in the Channel Islands during the German Occupation, 1940–1945
, 2nd ed. (Jersey: Jersey Heritage Trust, 2000), 15–16; Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 155.

127
. William M. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied but Never Conquered
(Exeter, UK: Studio Publishing Services, 2002), 16–17.

128
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 152–53.

129
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 153.

130
. Cohen,
The Jews in the Channel Islands
, 19–21.

131
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 130–31.

132
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 127–28.

133
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 127–28.

134
. Ord, 88–89 (October 24, 1940).

135
. Lewis, July 6, 1943.

136
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 171 (April 14, 1944).

137
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 14.

138
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 128.

139
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 131. As required, Sculpher also reported on the one woman in Sark, Annie Wranowsky, who had a J on her passport. Wranowsky was questioned by the Dame of Sark and she denied any Jewish heritage, saying that the J (put on her passport when it was issued by the German Embassy in London in 1939) was a mistake.

140
. It appears from Winifred Harvey's account that she was very aware of the slew of orders that came out at the same time. When the Italians, Austrians, and Germans had to report to the commandant, she recorded that they were asked “why they worked for the English, how they were treated and if they wanted to go home.” Winnie added that she did not know how this affected the Hungarians, her concern for Rosa and Maria explaining her personal interest.

141
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 37 (October 21–27, 1940).

142
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 46 (November 16–December 2, 1940).

143
. Robin, April 11, 1944.

144
. Ord, 110 (November 28, 1940). It is not that the Guernsey Islanders were somehow free of all the easy stereotypes of the time. Ord went on to write, “A nation usually gets the kind of Jew it deserves. In Germany they have treated the Jew with medieval brutishness, but his skill in managing and acquiring money provokes others to jealousy”; Ord, 110 (November 28, 1940). This opinion was based on Ord's understanding of centuries of restrictions imposed on the Jews in Germany and their resulting role in moneylending.

145
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 22.

146
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 262.

147
. Ord, 645 (November 4, 1943).

148
. See Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 31, for the way the Bailiff and Sculpher handled the businesses of evacuated Jews, avoiding the display of “Jewish Undertaking” signs.

149
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 39.

150
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 44.

151
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 169–71.

152
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 170.

153
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 196–97. Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Furst von Oettingen was commonly known as “Prince.” From March 1941, he was military commander of the Nebenstelle (the Island branch of the Feldkommandantur).

154
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 180–81.