Discourse and Defiance Under Nazi Occupation: Guernsey, Channel Islands, 1940-1945 (77 page)

155
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 51.

156
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 197–98.

157
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 51.

158
. On a personal note, it is the basis of an ongoing joke by a colleague, who threatens to start a Christmas-tree farm on his mountain land simply for the pleasure of advertising “Greenberg's Christmas Trees.”

159
. Louise Willmot, “The Channel Islands,” in
Resistance in Western Europe
, ed. Bob Moore (London: Berg, 2000), 69.

160
. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied
, 198.

161
. Ord, 289 (April 18, 1942).

162
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 156.

163
. Ord, 458 (March 4, 1943).

164
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 52.

165
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 155.

166
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 53.

167
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 41–43.

168
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 62.

169
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 65.

170
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 50.

171
. Ord, 458 (March 4, 1943).

172
. Cohen,
Jews in the Channel Islands
, 54.

173
. Leale,
Report
, section C.

174
. Leale,
Report
, section B.

175
. Madeleine Bunting, for example, includes the three women's deportation, along with a completely distorted version of the Nicolle and Symes affair, to charge the Committee with voluntarily handing over a chosen few in some form of devil's bargain with the Nazis. As she put it in an interview, “Morally if you sacrifice the few to save the many you should at least admit the fact”; Parks, “Occupied Guernsey ‘let the minority go to the wall.’” But Bunting's opinion is sometimes based on factual inaccuracies. She states, for example, that the Guernsey police “arrested Therese and handed her over to the Germans”; Bunting,
Model Occupation
, 111. She further maintains that the letters first made publicly available in January 1993 were proof “that island officials had tracked down Jews and handed them over to the Germans”; Bunting,
Model Occupation
, 317.

176
. “Protocol of the Wannsee Conference, January 20, 1942,”
http://www.ghwk.de/engl/protengl.htm
.

177
. Indeed, Michaela Kipp has conducted some fascinating research arguing that even German soldiers involved in genocide in the occupied territories in Eastern Europe saw these acts as individual events based on narrow circumstances, rather than as part of an overarching plan; Michaela Kipp, “The Holocaust in the Letters of German Soldiers on the Eastern Front (1939–44),”
Journal of Genocide Research
9, no. 4 (December 2007): 601–15.

178
. Gary Saul Morson,
Narrative and Freedom: The Shadows of Time
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 234.

179
.
Ship of Fools
, Columbia Pictures Corporation, 1965.

180
. Leale,
Report
, section D.

CHAPTER FIVE. A SUBTLE RESISTANCE

1
. Diary of the Rev. R. Douglas Ord, vols. 1–7, 16 June 1940–12 May 1945, M0007066GY-M0007073GY, Priaulx Library, Guernsey [hereafter Ord], 119 (December 14, 1940).

2
. James C. Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 35.

3
. James C. Scott,
Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985), 34.

4
. Scott,
Domination
, 20.

5
. Scott,
Domination
, 199.

6
. Scott,
Weapons of the Weak
, 29–30.

7
. K. M. Bachmann,
The Prey of an Eagle
(Guernsey: Guernsey Press, 1972), 39–40 (October 24, 1940).

8
. Ord, 1:76 (September 29, 1940).

9
. Diary of Ambrose Collas Robin, 17 June 1940 to 18 May 1945, Priaulx Library, Control No. M0005622GY [hereafter Robin], February 11, 1941, and March 1, 1941.

10
. “A Dedication to François Marie Scornet, 1921–1941,”
http://www.francoisscornet.com/francoismain.php
.

11
. Hazel R. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face of the Channel Islands Occupation: Record, Memory, and Myth
(Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 44.

12
. Andrew R. Smith, “Violence and the Arts of Resistance: An Expedition in Critical Communicology,”
Atlantic Journal of Communication
16 (2008): 207.

13
. Smith, “Violence,” 199.

14
. Smith, “Violence,” 199.

15
. Michel Foucault,
Fearless Speech
, ed. Joseph Pearson (Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2001), 11–19.

16
. This was not a concern unique to the German Occupation. In the occupation of New Orleans, the patience with women's confrontational language and spitting reached an end when General Benjamin Butler issued an order declaring that any woman insulting or showing contempt for soldiers would be treated “as a woman of the town plying her avocation.” This move earned the general the nickname of “Beast Butler” (and his picture a prominent location at the bottom of many a Southern woman's chamber pot), but it cooled the verbal resistance if not the underlying discontent; Crystal N. Feimster, “General Benjamin Butler and the Threat of Sexual Violence during the American Civil War,”
Daedalus
138, no. 2 (Spring 2009): 126–34.

17
. Jack C. Sauvary,
Diary of the German Occupation of Guernsey, 1940–1945
(Upton-upon-Severn: Self Pub. Association, 1990), 140 (May 3, 1942).

18
. Diary of Gertie Corbin, States of Guernsey Island Archives, Z009/19 AQ92/12 [hereafter Corbin], September 1941.

19
. Ord, 54 (August 24, 1940).

20
. Winifred Harvey,
The Battle of Newlands: The Wartime Diaries of Winifred Harvey
, ed. Rosemary Booth (Guernsey: Guernsey Press, 1995), 22 (August 27, 1940).

21
. Diary of Herbert Williams, States of Guernsey Island Archives Service, AQ 380/03–2 [hereafter Williams], 127 (May 20, 1944).

22
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 134 (no date).

23
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 144 (August 1942).

24
. John W. Jordan, “Sabotage or Performed Compliance: Rhetoric of Resistance in Temp Worker Discourse,”
Quarterly Journal of Speech
89, no. 1 (February 2003): 35.

25
. “John Ingrouille,” display at the German Occupation Museum, Guernsey (viewed June 2003).

26
. Smith, “Violence,” 200.

27
. Poppy M. Thompson, “Heil Churchill,” article displayed at the German Occupation Museum, Guernsey (viewed June 2003).

28
. Madeleine Bunting,
The Model Occupation: The Channel Islands under German Rule
(London: Harper Collins, 1995), 198.

29
. Scott,
Domination
, 6.

30
. Scott,
Domination
, 215–16.

31
. Scott,
Domination
, 205.

32
. Ord, 109 (November 23, 1940).

33
. Saul Alinsky,
Rules for Radicals: A Practical Primer for Realistic Radicals
(New York: Vintage Books, 1971).

34
. Quoted in William M. Bell,
Guernsey Occupied but Never Conquered
(Exeter, UK: Studio, 2002), 278.

35
. Smith, “Violence,” 207.

36
. Ord, 568 (July 26, 1943).

37
. Corbin, June 1941.

38
. Diary of William Arthur Warry, University of Virginia, Special Collections, Microfilm 1688 MSS8138 [hereafter Warry], May 14, 1943.

39
. See, for example, Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 163 (January 4, 1944); Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 159 (November 1–30, 1942) and 175 (March 8, 1943); Ord, 155 (April 15, 1941).

40
. Ord, 155 (April 15, 1941).

41
. Ord, 506 (May 13, 1943).

42
. Robin, March 29, 1944.

43
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 57 (January 1–15, 1941).

44
. Williams, 188 (December 31, 1944).

45
. Williams, 109–10 (September 30, 1943); Diary of Kenneth G. Lewis, G06/10 W, 1–1-8–10, AS/LC 16–01, States of Guernsey Island Archives [hereafter Lewis], October 1, 1943; Robin, October 3, 1943.

46
. Scott,
Domination
, 18.

47
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 170 (March 8, 1944).

48
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 95–96 (November 27, 1941).

49
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 154 (July 30, 1943).

50
. Dorothy Pickard Higgs,
Life in Guernsey under the Nazis, 1940–45
(Guernsey: Toucan Press, 2000), 26 (October 2, 1941).

51
. Ord, 309 (June 19, 1942).

52
. Higgs,
Life in Guernsey
, 27 (November 12, 1941).

53
. Sauvary,
Diary
, 154 (June 24, 1942).

54
. Higgs,
Life in Guernsey
, 62 (postscript written in 1979).

55
. Lewis, August 9, 1941.

56
. Diary of Mrs. Elizabeth Doig, Bib Id. 298904, Priaulx Library, Guernsey [hereafter Doig], May 23, 1943. I am grateful to the librarians at the Priaulx Library for their aid in deciphering Elizabeth Doig's handwriting.

57
. Lewis, May 28, 1943.

58
. Lewis, July 8, 1943.

59
. Lewis, February 19, 1944.

60
. Lewis, July 5, 1943.

61
. Ord, 537–40 (June 30, 1943) and 575–78 (July 31–August 2, 1943).