Discourse and Defiance Under Nazi Occupation: Guernsey, Channel Islands, 1940-1945 (75 page)

149
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 177–78.

150
. Ord, 593–94 (August 19, 1943).

151
. Warry, July 19, 1943.

152
. Williams, June 12, 1943.

153
. Lewis, April 21, 1945.

154
. Knowles Smith,
The Changing Face
, 178. In fact, Hazel Knowles Smith reports from records in the Jersey Archives that by the Germans' own estimate in May 1944, eighty babies had been born in all the Islands who were definitely from German fathers. Most likely this is an underestimation but shows the difficulty of assigning parentage.

155
. Lewis, January 22, 1943.

156
.
The Miniver Story
and Brief Encounter are emblematic of this theme that separation by war for many years was difficult for married couples, and perhaps perfect fidelity was an understandable casualty of the times. Of course, in many of these movies, the infidelity proves to only have been contemplated or simply an unfair rumor, and perhaps it is best not to believe gossip or rumors of infidelity.

157
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 168 (January 27, 1944).

158
. I was lucky enough to interview the late Alf Williams, a young man during the Occupation and a resister whose actions will figure into a later chapter. I suggested to him that I saw such love affairs as wholly natural, if unwise. Alf fixed me with a sharp look and said loudly, “Well that's because you've got some common sense!” (Private interview with Alf Williams, Summer 2004.)

159
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 167 (December 1–January 16, 1943).

160
. Williams, 122 (February 15, 1944).

161
. Williams, 261 (April 25, 1944).

162
. Ord, 869 (September 9, 1944).

163
. Lewis, September 5, 1944.

164
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 192 (September 8, 1944).

165
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 241 (September 1–30, 1944).

166
. Ord, 873 (September 20, 1944).

167
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 64 (March 2–20, 1941).

168
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 139 (June 1–30, 1942).

169
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 184 (June 11, 1944). They actually had another odd encounter with “Wolfi,” as they nicknamed him, based on the name he had them engrave once on a locket. One dark January night, P.J. was in howling pain from an earache when a knock came at the door. Kitty opened it only to have “Wolfi” breeze past her and go straight to the child, solemnly advising potato poultices, a folk remedy that his parents had successfully used when he suffered earaches as a child. For his part, P.J. “fairly boggled at the sight of the resplendent uniform” and for a moment forgot his pain. Seeing that he was not even offered a chair, “Wolfi” took his departure.

170
. Bachmann,
Prey of an Eagle
, 157–59 (August 24, 1943).

171
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 30–31 (September 15–22, 1940).

172
. Jordan, “Sabotage or Performed Compliance,” 30.

173
. James C. Scott,
Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990), 23–24.

174
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 125 (February 7, 1942).

175
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 178 (March 8, 1943).

176
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 189 (June 22, 1943).

177
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 205 (January 1–February 29, 1944).

178
. Warry, March 20, 1943.

179
. Williams, 79–80 (March 20, 1943).

180
. Lewis, July 31, 1943.

181
. Williams, 47–50 (May 18, 1942).

182
. Williams, 244 (April 1–3, 1945).

183
. See Bernard Weiner,
An Attributional Theory of Motivation and Emotion
(New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986).

184
. Williams, 266 (May 2, 1945).

185
. Williams, 261 (April 25, 1945).

186
. Bunting,
The Model Occupation
, 5.

CHAPTER FOUR. UNDERSTANDING THE STORY

1
. Diary of the Rev. R. Douglas Ord, 402, vols. 1–7, 16 June 1940–12 May 1945, M0007066GY-M0007073GY, Priaulx Library, Guernsey [hereafter Ord], November 21, 1942.

2
. William L. Benoit, Andrew A. Klyukovaki, John P. McHale, and David Airne, “A Fantasy Theme Analysis of Political Cartoons on the Clinton-Lewinsky-Starr Affair,
Critical Studies in Media Communication
18, no. 4 (December 2001): 379.

3
. Victoria O'Donnell and Garth S. Jowett, “Propaganda as a Form of Communication,” in
Propaganda: A Pluralistic Perspective
, ed. Ted J. Smith III (New York: Praeger, 1989), 54.

4
. O'Donnell and Jowett, “Propaganda as a Form,” 56.

5
. Ted J. Smith, “Techniques of Deception,” in
Propaganda: A Pluralistic Perspective
(New York: Praeger, 1989), 67.

6
. Of course, when Hitler discussed this concept in chapter 10 of
Mein Kampf
, he accused the Jews of fostering the technique. Goebbels would later assign the consistent use of the Big Lie to Churchill, this false attribution serving as simply one further example of concealment and deception.

7
. Ord, 98 (November 13, 1940).

8
. Diary of Ambrose Collas Robin, 17 June 1940 to 18 Mary 1945, M0005622GY, Priaulx Library, Guernsey [hereafter Robin], 9 (February 9, 1941).

9
. Robin, January 26, 1942.

10
. Robin, January 19, 1944.

11
. Robin, October 12, 1943.

12
. Ord, 133 (February 28, 1941).

13
. Ord, 165 (May 22, 1941).

14
. Ord, 541 (July 4, 1943).

15
. Ord, 536 (June 30, 1943).

16
. Ord, 102 (November 19, 1940).

17
. O'Donnell and Jowett, “Propaganda as a Form,” 56.

18
. Robin, October 19, 1940.

19
. Ord, 207 (September 20, 1941).

20
. Winifred Harvey,
The Battle of Newlands: The Wartime Diaries of Winifred Harvey
, ed. Rosemary Booth (Guernsey: Guernsey Press, 1995), 89–91 (September 1941).

21
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 89–91 (September 1941).

22
. Ord, 253 (January 1, 1942).

23
. Diary of William Arthur Warry, University of Virginia, Special Collections, Microfilm 1688 MSS8138 [hereafter Warry], September 1942.

24
. Robin, November 6, 1941. A similar type of ham-handed German propaganda tried to portray the British as disgruntled with the war effort. Ken Lewis went to Eileen's house to listen the “mystery voice” that kept interrupting the news on the BBC. The voice seemed to take the role of a discontented British citizen, although Ken believed that the voice “sounded foreign,” popping in with “It's a lie,” “Isn't it funny,” “We want more milk for our children.” When the announcer described an attack on a supply train, saying that the RAF pilot could see bullet holes from the strafing appear in the boiler, the voice interrupted with, “Why don't you say that they got splashed by the water from the engine?” Finally, the announcer acknowledged the voice as “the enemy trying to make himself heard,” and the voice replied, “And it is heard.” Ken believed that this gave the game away, acknowledging that it was a German rather than an estranged Briton delivering the critique; Diary of Kenneth G. Lewis, G06/10 W, 1–1-8–10, AS/LC 16–01, States of Guernsey Island Archives [hereafter Lewis], October 14, 1941.

25
. Ord, 610 (September 10, 1943).

26
. Ord, 275 (March 4, 1942).

27
. Ord, 549 (July 7, 1943).

28
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 31 (September 23, 1940).

29
. Jack C. Sauvary,
Diary of the German Occupation of Guernsey, 1940–1945
(Upton-upon-Severn: Self Pub. Association, 1990), 32 (September 29, 1940).

30
. Robin, October 10, 1940.

31
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 29 (September 9–13, 1940).

32
. Diary of Gertie Corbin, States of Guernsey Island Archives, Z009/19 AQ92/12 [hereafter Corbin], September 1941; Ord, 208 (September 20, 1941).

33
. Robin, April 11, 1944.

34
. Smith, “Techniques of Deception,” 81.

35
. Smith, “Techniques of Deception,” 81.

36
. Ernest G. Bormann, “The Symbolic Convergence Theory of Communication: Applications and Implications for Teachers and Consultants,”
Journal of Applied Communication Research
10, no. 1 (1982): 51.

37
. J. F. Cragan and D. C. Shields,
Symbolic Theories in Applied Communication Research: Bormann, Burke, and Fisher
(Cresskill, NJ: Hampton, 1995), x.

38
. Benoit et al., “A Fantasy Theme Analysis of Political Cartoons on the Clinton-Lewinsky-Starr Affair,” 379.

39
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 51.

40
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 52.

41
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 52.

42
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 53–54.

43
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 52.

44
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 51–52.

45
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 53.

46
. Bormann, “Symbolic Convergence,” 52.

47
. Harvey,
Battle of Newlands
, 10–20 (August 11–17, 1940).

48
. See Madeleine Bunting,
The Model Occupation: The Channel Islands under German Rule, 1940–1945
(London: Harper Collins, 1995), 83, for the original; and for the factual difficulties, see Linda Holt and Ward Rutherford, “‘The Model Occupation’—Setting the Record Straight,”
Channel Islands Occupation Review
25 (1997): 49–72.

49
. Ord, 239 (November 15, 1941).

50
. K. M. Bachmann,
The Prey of an Eagle
(Guernsey: Guernsey Press, 1972), 92 (November 22, 1941).

51
. Violet Carey Diary entry for October 24, 1942, in Alice Evans, “The Language of Occupation” (Master's thesis, University of Warwick, 2002), 99.

52
. Robin, July 12, 1940.

53
. Now, this tendency is not universal, for a reliance on self-deprecating humor is natural to some individuals. There was the tendency in both Kitty Bachmann's and Dorothy Higgs's epistolary accounts to tell funny stories about their own mistakes and foibles, possibly because these “letters” were addressed to family members. Jack Sauvary, however, was one diarist for whom gentle self-deprecation appeared regularly as part of his charm. During a time when he was feeling poorly, he mentioned that Mrs. Rowe had made him a “nice apple tart,” Mr. Johns had provided him with “a little fat and liver,” and even a plaice came his way, “all because I am sick.” Jack follows this with, “I think I had better keep being sick!”—a little gold-bricking joke coming from someone who was anything but lazy and greedy; Sauvary,
Diary
, 111 (November 20, 1941).