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11. Verbeke,
Presence of Stoicism
, pp. 5556.
12. Seneca,
De ira
3.36.
13. Wenley,
Stoicism and Its Influence
, p. 150.
14. Ernst Troeltsch,
The Social Teaching of the Christian Church
, tr. O. Wyon, 2 vols. (London: Allen & Unwin, 1931; reprint 1950). After World War I, Troeltsch came to believe that natural law, both as a law common to humanity and as an assertion of the fundamental human rights, was the distinguishing mark of political thought in Western Europe. He proposed that the German world broke away from that belief in the age of romanticism, perhaps earlier, with the consequence that force became glorified over reason and the state over the individual as the embodiment of moral life. See "The Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity in Western Politics, " 1922 (Appendix 1 in Otto Friedrich von Gierke,
Natural Law and the Theory of Society, 1500, with a Lecture on the Ideas of Natural Law and Humanity by Ernst Troeltsch
, translated with an introduction by Ernest Barker (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934).
15. Watson, "Natural Law and Stoicism," p. 235.

 

page_192<br/>
Page 192
16. D'Entrèves,
Natural Law
, pp. 3839.
17. The
Decretum Gratiani
is contained in the
Corpus iuris canonici
, which is the name given by the Council of Basel in 1441. Gratian was an Italian monk working at Bologna. The
Decretum
is also called the
Concordia discordantium canonum
, and it recalls the
Digest
of Justinian, as the rest of the collection recalls the
Code
.
18. Isidore,
Decretum Gratiani
, I pars, dist. I, proem.
19. D'Entrèves,
Natural Law
, p. 40.
20. Verbeke,
Presence of Stoicism
, p. 5.
21. Thomas Aquinas,
Summa theologica
1 2ae, 91, 1 and 2.
22. Thomas Aquinas,
Summa theologica
1a 2ae, 95, 2.
23. Thomas Aquinas,
Summa theologica
1a 2a, 94, 2.
24. D. J. O'Connor,
Aquinas and Natural Law
(London: Macmillan, 1967), p. 84.
25. Walter Ullmann,
Law and Politics in the Middle Ages: An Introduction to the Sources of Medieval Political Ideals
(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975), p. 272.
26. D'Entrèves,
Natural Law
, p. 45.
27. D'Entrèves,
Natural Law
, p. 46.
28. D'Entrèves,
Natural Law
, p. 48.
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