Magnificent Delusions (59 page)

50
. Letter from Acting Secretary of State to Ambassador of Pakistan, dated December 17, 1947,
FRUS
3 (1947): 172–174.

51
. Report, dated April 19, 1949, by the State-Army-Navy Air Force Coordinating Committee (hereafter SANACC) Sub-Committee for the Near and Middle East,
FRUS
6 (1949): 8–31.

52
. Memo from Secretary of State Marshall to President Truman, March 11, 1948,
FRUS
5 (1948): 496–497.

53
. Report, dated April 19, 1949, by the SANACC Sub-Committee for the Near and Middle East, 8–31.

54
. “Ispahani Wants More Aid for Small Nations,”
Dawn
, November 28, 1947.

55
. “American Aid,” editorial,
Pakistan Times
, July 3, 1948.

56
. Ameen K. Tareen, “Pakistan and the Marshall Plan,”
Dawn
, September 5, 1949.

57
. “American Aid.”

58
. US Embassy Karachi Cable to State Department, January 2, 1948, 845F.001/1–248, Department of State Records, National Archives.

59
. “Mob Protest at Embassy in Pakistan,”
San Francisco Chronicle
, May 22, 1948.

60
. “To the Americans,” editorial,
Dawn
, September 13, 1948.

61
. “From the Americans,” editorial,
Dawn
, September 14, 1948.

62
. “That Man,” 38.

63
.
Nawai Waqt
, editorial, October 6, 1948.

64
. Ghulam Moinuddin, “Spotlight on American Gutter Press: Lies and Slanders of Time,”
Dawn
, October 11, 1948.

65
. Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, 26.

66
. Ibid., 31–33.

67
. McGhee,
Envoy
, 91.

68
. Shuja Nawaz,
Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army and the Wars Within
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 2009), 96.

69
. State Department Background Memorandum on the Visit to the US of Liaquat Ali Khan, April 14, 1949, President's Secretary's File, Harry S.Truman Library, cited in Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, 33–34.

70
. McGhee,
Envoy
, 97, 93.

71
. Ibid., 93.

72
. Ibid., 97.

73
. S. M. Burke,
Mainsprings of Indian and Pakistani Foreign Policies
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1974), 127.

74
. British Commonwealth Relations Office, Note on the Liaquat Visit, June 30, 1950, Prime Minister's Office 1216, Public Records Office, United Kingdom.

75
. S. M. Burke and Lawrence Ziring,
Pakistan's Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1990), 123–124.

76
. Ibid.

77
. British Embassy Washington Letter to Foreign Office, June 1, 1950, UK National Archives, Documents Online 35/2981, cited in Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, 36.

78
. Burke and Ziring,
Pakistan's Foreign Policy
, 123–124.

79
. Khan,
Pakistan
, 27–33.

80
. Joseph Loftus, “Liaquat Ali Seeks Arms for Pakistan,”
New York Times
, May 5, 1950.

81
. Khan,
Pakistan
, 139.

82
. Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, 38.

83
. Nawaz,
Crossed Swords
, 97.

84
. Ibid.

85
. Memorandum from Ambassador Avra Warren to Secretary of State Acheson, dated May 15, 1951,
FRUS
6 (1951): 2204–2205.

86
. Telegram from Secretary Acheson to Ambassador Warren, May 24, 1951,
FRUS
6 (1951): 2205–2206.

87
. “Policy of the United States with Respect to Pakistan,” Department of State Policy Statement, April 3, 1950,
FRUS
5 (1950): 1490–1498.

88
. Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department
(New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1987), 336.

Chapter Two: Aid, Arms, and Bases

1
. “Aid to Pakistan,” editorial,
New York Times
, June 28, 1953.

2
. “A Noble Gesture,” editorial,
Dawn
, June 26, 1953.

3
. Department of State Bulletin, May 18, 1953, 723 890D.2311/5–1953, Department of State Records, National Archives,
FRUS
11 (1952–1954): 1827, note.

4
. Memorandum of Conversation by Secretary of State, June 12, 1952,
FRUS
11 (1952–1954): 1819–1820.

5
. Latif Ahmed Sherwani,
Pakistan, China and America
(Karachi, Pakistan: Council for Pakistan Studies, 1980), 50.

6
. Ibid.

7
. Memo from the Secretary of State to the Embassy in India, January 22, 1947
FRUS
3 (1947): 139–140.

8
. C. L. Sulzberger, “Asia's Complex Issues Spread Before Dulles,”
New York Times
, May 24, 1953.

9
. Jawaharlal Nehru, “Broadcast Speech, September 7, 1946,” in
India's Foreign Policy: Selected Speeches September 1946–April 1961
(New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India, 1961), 2.

10
. Telegram from Ambassador to the Soviet Union to Secretary of State, March 20, 1948,
FRUS
5 (1948): 499.

11
. “Mr. Dulles' First Report,”
New York Times
, May 31, 1953.

12
. Shirin Tahir-Kheli,
The United States and Pakistan
—
The Evolution of an Influence Relationship
(New York: Praeger, 1982), 3.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Dennis Kux,
The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies
(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001), 57.

15
. National Intelligence Estimate, June 30, 1953,
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1083–1089.

16
. Eisenhower Note to Dulles and Dulles reply, November 16, 1953, John Foster Dulles Chronological Files, Dulles papers, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library.

17
. “Pakistan: A Second Turkey,” editorial,
Pakistan Times
, November 9, 1953.

18
. “Pakistan-US Military Pact,”
Pakistan Times
, November 24, 1953.

19
. “Nixon Ends Tour of World,” Associated Press, December 14, 1953.

20
. Telegram from the Acting Secretary of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, December 4, 1953,
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1831.

21
. Richard M. Nixon,
The Memoirs of Richard Nixon
(New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1978), 132.

22
. Minutes of NSC Meeting, December 24, 1953, National Security Council Series,
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1835–1836.

23
. Ibid.

24
. Memo of Conversation between Vice President Nixon, Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad, and Ambassador Horace Hildreth, December 7, 1953,
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1831–1832.

25
. Ibid.

26
. Memorandum of Conversation between Anthony Eden and Secretary Dulles, Bermuda, December 7, 1953, Foreign Office 371/106937, UK Public Records Office.

27
. “Text of Agreement,”
Dawn
, May 20, 1954.

28
. “Mutual Defense Agreement,” editorial,
Times of Karachi
, February 26, 1954.

29
. Memo by Acting Secretary of State to Executive Secretary of NSC, August 19, 1952.
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1059.

30
. “Bases in Pakistan,” editorial,
Washington Post
, December 11, 1953.

31
. Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(New York: Random House, 1981), 503–504.

32
. Minutes of Meetings, March 25 and 27, 1954, of the Committee to Conduct Negotiations with the American Survey Team, Prepared by Maj Gen Musa, Pakistan Army GHQ Archives, in
Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army and the Wars Within
, Shuja Nawaz (Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 2009), 108–110.

33
. The Ambassador in Pakistan [Hildreth] to the Department of State, Karachi, Pakistan, August 17, 1954,
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1864–1865.

34
. The Secretary of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, Washington, DC, August 20, 1954,
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1865–1867.

35
. Memorandum of conversation between Secretary of State and Prime Minister Mohammad Ali Bogra, Washington, October 18, 1954,
FRUS
11, pt. 2 (1952–1954): 1868–1869.

36
. Memorandum for the Record by C. C. Kirkpatrick of the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Washington, DC, January 18, 1955,
FRUS
8 (1955–1957): 413–417.

37
. Memorandum by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs [Hensel], Karachi, Pakistan, February 17, 1955,
FRUS
8 (1955–1957): 413–4I7.

38
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Karachi, Pakistan, December 13, 1955,
FRUS
8 (1955–1957): 452–453.

39
. Nawaz,
Crossed Swords
, 134.

40
. Walter Lippmann, “Dulles Attempting to Escape Reality,”
Los Angeles Times
, April 4, 1958.

41
. Hans J. Morgenthau, “Military Illusions,”
The New Republic
, March 19, 1956, 14–16.

42
. “Pakistan and the West,” editorial,
Pakistan Times
, February 16, 1956.

43
. Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, April 29, 1958,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 635–637.

44
. Herbert Feldman,
Revolution in Pakistan: A Study of the Martial Law Administration
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1965), 209.

45
. Ibid.

46
. Muhammad Ayub Khan, “Pakistan Perspective,”
Foreign Affairs
, July 1960, 548.

47
. Memorandum for the Record of a Meeting, Karachi, Pakistan, January 26, 1959,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 697–699.

48
. Memorandum of Conversation, July 17, 1959,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 741–744.

49
. Memorandum of Discussion at the 308th Meeting of the National Security Council, Washington, DC, January 3, 1957,
FRUS
8 (1955–1957): 18–29.

50
. Letter from the Ambassador in Pakistan to the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South Asian, and African Affairs, December 27, 1957,
FRUS
8 (1955–1957): 487–489.

51
. Editorial Note,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 615.

52
. Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, 113.

53
. Memorandum of Conversation between Pakistan Ambassador Aziz Ahmed and Department of State, May 8, 1959,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 726–729.

54
. Ulysses S. Grant, United States' eighteenth president, had visited India after he relinquished office in 1877.

55
. Russell Baker and Paul Grimes, “Eisenhower Gets a Warm Welcome from Pakistanis,”
New York Times
, December 8, 1959.

56
. Memorandum of a Conversation, Karachi, Pakistan, December 8, 1959,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 781–792.

57
. Ibid.

58
. Ibid.

59
. Ibid.

60
. Ibid.

61
. Memorandum of a Conversation between President Eisenhower and Prime Minister Nehru, New Delhi, India, December 13, 1959,
FRUS
14 (1958–1960): 524–525.

62
. Memorandum of Conversation, New Delhi, India, December 10, 1959,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 521–522.

63
. Ibid.

64
. Memorandum of Conversation, Department of State, Conference Files: Lot 64 D 560, CF 1521,
Editorial Note, FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 794–796.

65
. Memorandum from the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs to the Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, December 2, 1960,
FRUS
15 (1958–1960): 819–821.

66
. John F. Kennedy, “A Democrat Looks at Foreign Policy,”
Foreign Affairs
, October 1957, 44–59.