Magnificent Delusions (63 page)

34
. Transcript of interview to Peter Collins, Columbia Broadcasting Service, February 14, 1979, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol. 2, 76.

35
. Dennis Kux,
The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies
(Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2001), 241.

36
. Ibid.

37
. Peter Niesewand, “Guerillas Train in Pakistan to Oust Afghan Government,”
Washington Post
, February 2, 1979.

38
. Robert Michael Gates,
From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider's Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996), 143–144

39
. Ibid.

40
. See George Crile,
Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History
(New York, Grove Press, 2007). A movie was also made, based on the book. Both project Texas Congressman Charlie Wilson as the hero who enabled the Afghan Mujahideen to defeat the Soviets by securing large-scale funding for the war from the US Congress.

41
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, 144.

42
. Dānishjūyan-I Musālman-I Payraw-I Khatt-I Imām,
Documents from the US Espionage Den
, quoted in Hafizullah Emadi,
State, Revolution, and Superpowers in Afghanistan
(New York: Praeger, 1990), 112.

43
. Michael T. Kaufman, “Body of 2nd American Is Found in Islamabad Embassy,”
New York Times
, November 23, 1979.

44
. Ibid.

45
. Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, 244–245.

46
. Lieutenant General Fazle Haq, interview with author, Islamabad, September 8, 1988.

47
. President Carter's Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, was among those who had refused to consider the April 1978 coup that brought the PDPA to power as part of a Soviet agenda for the region. See Cyrus R. Vance,
Hard Choices: Critical Years in America's Foreign Policy
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 384.

48
. President Carter, Remarks at Foreign Policy Conference for Editors and Broadcasters on February 22, 1979,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter 1979
, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1980), 316.

49
. President Carter, Remarks at a White House Briefing for Members of Congress,
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Jimmy Carter 1980
, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1981), 40.

50
. President Carter's Letter on Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, 1980, National Security Archives.

51
. Memo from Brzezinski to Carter, Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan, December 26, 1979, National Security Archives.

52
. Memorandum on National Security Council Meeting, Iran, Christopher Mission to Afghanistan, SALT and Brown Trip to China, January 2, 1980, National Security Archives.

53
. Zbigniew Brzezinski,
Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981
(New York: Farrar Strauss Giroux, 1983), 449.

54
. Memo from Secretary of Defense Harold Brown to Ambassador-at-Large Gerard C. Smith, Enclosing Excerpts from Memoranda of Conversations with Geng Biao and Deng Xiaoping, and January 7 and 8, 1980, January 31, 1980, National Security Archives.

55
. Vance,
Hard Choices
, 389.

56
. Michael T. Kaufman, “Pakistan Is No Longer the Ardent Suitor, but the Prize,”
New York Times
, September 28 1980.

57
. Transcript of Interview with Arnaud de Borchgrave,
Newsweek
, January 1980, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol. 3, 5.

58
. Stuart Auerbach, “Pakistan Is Reluctant to Accept Limited US Arms Pledge,”
Washington Post
, January 6, 1980.

59
. Brzezinski,
Power and Principle
, 448.

60
. Ibid.

61
. Ibid., 148–149.

62
. Stuart Auerbach, “Pakistan Seeking US Guarantees in Formal Treaty,”
New York Times
, January 18, 1980.

63
. William Branigin, “Pakistan Seeks Billions in US Aid,”
Washington Post
, January 23, 1980.

64
. Auerbach, “Pakistan Seeking US Guarantees in Formal Treaty.”

65
. Transcript of Interview with Bill Redeker,
ABC News
, March 8, 1980, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol. 3, 136.

66
. Transcript of Interview with Michael Kaufman,
New York Times
, September 23, 1980, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol. 3, 299.

67
. Ibid.

68
. “Quick, Say the Pakistanis,” editorial,
Washington Post
, January 9, 1980.

69
. “Asia Needs Help, Not A-Bombs,” editorial,
New York Times
, January 22, 1980.

70
. Cable from Ambassador Goheen [New Delhi] to Secretary of State, “Indian Foreign Minister Expresses ‘Grave Concern' Over US Moves to Rearm Pakistan,” January 24, 1980, National Security Archives.

71
. Transcript of Interview with Indian Journalist Kuldip Nayar, January 29, 1980, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol 3, 43.

72
. “Uneasy about South Asia,” editorial,
Washington Post
, February 3, 1980.

73
. “Afghanistan: Soviet Invasion and US Response,” Congressional Research Service, Issue Brief, January 10, 1980, National Security Archives.

74
. Cable from State Department to Embassy Switzerland et al., “Non-Proliferation Policy and Renewed Assistance to Pakistan,” January 30, 1980, National Security Archives.

75
. “The Carter Corps at the Pass,” editorial,
New York Times
, February 7, 1980.

76
. “Drawing the Line,” editorial,
Washington Post
, March 9, 1980.

77
. “No Peanuts for Pakistan,” editorial,
New York Times
, March 10, 1980.

78
. Michael T. Kaufman, “Pakistan Shapes Foreign Policy with an Eye on Saudi Funds,”
New York Times
, March 22, 1980.

79
. Memorandum from Special Assistant for Nuclear Proliferation Intelligence to Director of Central Intelligence, “Warning Report—Nuclear Proliferation,” April 30, 1980, National Security Archives.

80
. Philip Sherwell, “How Joanne Herring Won Charlie Wilson's War,”
Telegraph
, London, June 7, 2013.

81
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, 197.

82
. Cable from Ambassador Hummel to Secretary of State, “President Zia ul Haq on Afghanistan,” March 28, 1981, National Security Archives.

83
. “Slow on Pakistan,” editorial,
Washington Post
, March 25, 1981.

84
. Cable from Secretary of State to Embassy Islamabad, “Visit of Pakistan Foreign Minister,” April 1981, National Security Archives.

85
. Cable from Secretary of State to All Embassies, “US Policy Towards Pakistan,” April 1981, National Security Archives.

86
. Ibid.

87
. Summary of Special Assistant for Nuclear Proliferation Intelligence, National Foreign Assessment Center, Central Intelligence Agency, to Resource Management Staff, Office of Program Assessment et al., “Request for Review of Draft Paper on the Security Dimension of Non-Proliferation,” April 9, 1981, National Security Archives.

88
. Transcript of Interview to Barry Came,
Newsweek
, May 14, 1981, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol 4, 172.

89
. Ibid.

90
. Transcript of Interview to Bernard Falk,
BBC TV
, May 28, 1981, in Zia-ul-Haq,
President of Pakistan General Zia ul Haq
, vol. 4, 188.

91
. Juan de Onis, “US and Pakistanis Reach an Agreement on $3 Billion in Aid,”
New York Times
, June 16, 1981.

92
. Kux,
The United States and Pakistan
, 258.

93
. Judith Miller, “U.S. Cites Pakistan Pledge Not to Make Nuclear Arms,”
New York Times
, June 25, 1981.

94
. “Arms for Pakistan,” editorial,
Washington Post
, September 19, 1981.

95
. “Pakistan's Choice: Aid or a Bomb,” editorial,
New York Times
, October 2, 1981.

96
. Letters to the Editor,
New York Times
, August 26, 1981.

97
. Cable from Department of State to Embassy in London, “Pakistani Efforts to Procure Nuclear-Grade Calcium from France,” 1981, National Security Archives.

98
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, 199.

99
. Ibid., 252.

100
. Ibid., 251.

101
. Ibid., 320–321.

102
. Mohammed Yousaf and Mark Adkin,
Afghanistan
—
The Bear Trap: The Defeat of a Superpower
(Havertown, PA: Casemate, 2001), 79.

103
. Ibid., 81.

104
. Ibid., 96.

105
. Note for [name excised] from [name excised], “State/INR Request for Update of Pak SNIE, and Assessment of Argentine Nuclear Program,” June 4, 1982, National Security Archives.

106
. Michael T. Kaufman, “In India: Sikhs Raise a Cry for Independent Nation,”
New York Times
, August 16, 1982.

107
. William Stevens, “Indira Gandhi Calls Rebellion ‘Under Control',”
New York Times
, June 14, 1984.

108
. Sanjoy Hazarika, “Indians Say Exiles in Europe and US Stirred Sikh Revolt,”
New York Times
, July 11, 1984.

109
. William Stevens, “In Pakistan, Islam Leaves Little Room for Freedom: Riots Challenge Zia,”
New York Times
, August 28, 1983.

110
. Fred Hiatt, “Weinberger, in Pakistan, calls Riots ‘Internal Problem',”
Washington Post
, October 1, 1983.

111
. “Reagan Warned Pakistanis on Nuclear Project,”
Washington Post
, October 26, 1984.

112
. Cable from Defense Intelligence Agency to [excised location], “Pakistan-China: Nuclear Weapons Production and Testing,” December 7, 1985, National Security Archives.

113
. Steve Coll,
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan and Bin Laden from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
(New York: Penguin, 2004), 165.

114
. Gates,
From the Shadows
, 427.

115
. Philip Taubman, “Soviet Lists Afghan War Toll: 13, 310 Dead, 35, 478 Wounded,”
New York Times
, May 26, 1988.

116
. Yousaf and Adkin,
Afghanistan
, 28.

117
. Ibid., 105.

118
. Zia-u-Haq's interview with Selig Harrison, published in
Le Monde Diplomatique
, cited in Coll,
Ghost Wars
, 175.

119
. Coll,
Ghost Wars
, 181.

Chapter Six: Denial and Double Game

1
. Letter from Secretary of State James A. Baker III to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to author, dated May 10, 1992, in the author's possession.

2
. Ambassador Nicholas Platt's talking points for meeting with Prime Minister Sharif, May 1992, in author's possession.

3
. Author's notes of meeting at the prime minister's house on May 18, 1992.

4
. Biographic Sketch Maj General Hamid Gul, January 1989, Defense Intelligence Agency, National Security Archives.

5
. See Christina Lamb,
Waiting for Allah: Pakistan's Struggle for Democracy
(New Delhi, India: Viking, 1991), 47, and Iqbal Akhund,
Trial and Error: The Advent and Eclipse of Benazir Bhutto
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 2000), chs. 4 and 5 for details of the limits on Bhutto's power set by President Ishaq Khan and General Beg.

6
. Barbara Crossette, “Gandhi Visit to Pakistan: Hopes for a New Era,”
New York Times
, December 29, 1988.

7
. John Kifner, “Bhutto Ousts Powerful Intelligence Chief,”
New York Times
, May 26, 1989.

8
. George H.W. Bush, ‘Remarks Following Discussions with PM Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan,” June 6, 1989, The American Presidency Project,
presidency.ucsb.edu
.