Magnificent Delusions (60 page)

67
. “Mr. Kennedy and India,” editorial,
Morning News
(Karachi, Pakistan), June 8, 1961.

68
. Herbert Feldman,
Revolution in Pakistan
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1965), 205, note.

69
. “Relations with Pakistan,” editorial,
New York Times
, March 7, 1961.

70
. Memorandum of Conversation between Vice President Johnson and President Ayub Khan, Karachi, Pakistan, May 20, 1961,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 45–50.

71
. Ibid.

72
. Memorandum of Conversation between President Kennedy and President Ayub, Washington, DC, July 11, 1961,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963: 66–74.

73
. Ibid.

74
. “Government Secret,”
Chicago Daily Tribune
, July 17, 1961.

75
. Memorandum from Robert W. Komer of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs [Bundy], Washington, DC, January 6, 1962,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 179–181.

76
. Ibid.

77
. Memorandum for the Record, Washington, DC, June 19, 1962,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 278–279.

78
. Memorandum from the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs to President Kennedy, Washington, DC, November 3, 1962,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 363–368.

79
. “Betrayal of Asia,” editorial,
Dawn
, October 20, 1962.

80
. Mujahed, “Nehru in Hitler's Footsteps,”
Dawn
, November 26, 1962.

81
. Memorandum from Robert W. Komer of the National Security Council Staff to President Kennedy, Washington, DC, November 12, 1962,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 375.

82
. Memorandum of Conversation among Ayub, Harriman, and Sandys, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, November 28, 1962,
FRUS
14 (1961–1963): 409–412.

83
. Notes by Secretary of State Rusk, Washington, DC, May 5, 1963,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 575–577.

84
. Ibid.

85
. Central Intelligence Agency, Job 80 B 01285A, Box 6, McCone Files, DCI Meetings with President Johnson, November 23–December 31, 1963,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 693.

86
. Sherwani,
Pakistan, China and America
, 130.

87
. “Pakistan Pops a Bubble,” editorial,
Chicago Tribune
, September 3, 1963.

88
. Memorandum of Conversation, Karachi, Pakistan, December 20, 1963,
FRUS
19 (1961–1963): 712–717.

89
. Letter from President Ayub to President Johnson, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, July 1, 1964,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 129–130.

90
. Memorandum of Conversation between Johnson and Amb. Ghulam Ahmed, Washington, DC, July 7, 1964,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 132–134.

91
. Memorandum of Conversation between Johnson and Ambassador McConaughy, Washington, DC, July 15, 1964,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 136–138.

92
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Karachi, Pakistan, August 11, 1964,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 143–146.

93
. Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, Washington, DC, August 16, 1964,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 147–148.

94
. Nawaz,
Crossed Swords
, 200–201.

95
. Aslam Siddiqui,
Pakistan Seeks Security
(Karachi, Pakistan: Longmans Green, 1960), 65–67.

96
. Memorandum from Robert Komer of the National Security Council Staff to President Johnson, Washington, DC, August 28, 1965,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 341–342.

97
. Ibid.

98
. Memorandum for the Record, Washington, DC, September 2, 1965,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 345–346.

99
. Ibid.

100
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Karachi, Pakistan, September 9, 1965,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 379–383.

101
. Ibid.

102
. Telegram from the Office in Pakistan to the Department of State, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, September 6, 1965,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 360–364.

103
. Ibid., 365–366.

104
. Telegram from the Embassy Office in Pakistan to the Department of State, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, September 10, 1965
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 385–388.

105
. Ibid.

106
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, September 18, 1965,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 406–407.

107
. Ibid., 409–411.

108
. A. R. Siddiqui,
The Military in Pakistan
—
Image and Reality
(Lahore, Pakistan: Vanguard Books, 1996), 107.

109
. Memorandum from the President's Deputy Special Assistant for National Security Affairs [Komer] to the President's Special Assistant for National Security Affairs [Bundy], Washington, DC, October 7, 1965,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 448–449.

110
. Ibid.

111
. Ibid.

112
. Record of Meeting, Washington, DC, December 15, 1965, Johnson's Comments to Advisers Concerning Meeting with Ayub,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968):511–513.

113
. Memorandum from the President's Special Assistant to President Johnson, April 26, 1966,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 624–625.

114
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, October 13, 1967,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 903–905.

115
. Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, Washington, DC, October 30, 1967,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 914–917.

116
. Memorandum of Conversation between President Johnson and President Ayub, December 23, 1967,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 934.

117
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, April 6, 1968,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 961–964.

118
. Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, Washington, DC, July 14, 1968,
FRUS
25 (1964–1968): 994–995.

119
. Selig Harrison, “India, Pakistan and the United States,”
The New Republic
, September 7, 1959, 17.

120
. Chester Bowles, typescript “New Delhi Diary” entry for August 9, 1963, Bowles papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, box 392, folder 159.

Chapter Three: A Split and a Tilt

1
. Conversation among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], and the President's Assistant, November 5, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

2
. Ibid.

3
. Conversation between President Nixon and his Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], Washington, DC, December 8, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

4
. Conversation between President Nixon and his Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger],Washington, DC, December 9, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1971).

5
. The term “tilt” is used in international diplomacy to describe a country's support for another that stops short of open alliance or publicly declared support. International relations commentators described US support for Pakistan in the 1971 crisis as a “tilt.”

6
. Intelligence Memorandum No. 612/69, Prepared in the Office of Current Intelligence, Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, February 6, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–10.

7
. Intelligence Note No. 117, from the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research to Secretary of State Rogers, Washington, DC, February 20, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–3.

8
. Ibid.

9
. Herbert Feldman,
The End and the Beginning: Pakistan 1969–1971
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1975), 13.

10
. “Tweedle Khan Takes Over,”
Economist
, March 29, 1969.

11
. Letter from British High Commission in Rawalpindi to South Asia Department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office London, dated May 13, 1969, in
The British Papers: Secret and Confidential, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh Documents 1958–1969
, ed. Roedad Khan (Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 2002), 915.

12
. Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger] to President Nixon, Washington, DC, March 25, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

13
. Telegram 50241, from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, April 2, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

14
. Telegram 4169, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, April 25, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–10.

15
. Telegram from Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State, May 26, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–5.

16
. Memorandum of Conversation between Kissinger and Amb. Agha Hilaly, May 16, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

17
. Memorandum of Conversation among Nixon, Yahya, Kissinger, Foreign Secretary S.M.Yusuf, and Ambassador Hilaly, Lahore, Pakistan, August 1, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–10.

18
. National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1320, NSC Unfiled Material, 1969, 9 of 19, China, 1969–1972, Document 26,
FRUS
17 (1969–1976).

19
. National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 1032, Files for the President—China Material, Cookies II, Chronology of Exchange with the PRC, February 1969–April 1971. Note drafted by Saunders on August 29, 1969, China, 1969–1972, Document 28,
FRUS
17 (1969–1976).

20
. Ibid.

21
. Analytical Summary Prepared for the National Security Council Review Group, Washington, DC, November 22, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–10.

22
. Ibid., NSC Files, Box 1244, Saunders Subject Files, Pakistan Military and Intelligence, January 20, 1969–December 31, 1969.

23
. Memorandum from Acting Secretary of State Richardson to President Nixon, Washington, DC, February 10, 1970,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–3.

24
. Transcript of Telephone Conversation between the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger] and the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs [Sisco], Washington, DC, June 12, 1970,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1.

25
. Memorandum of Conversation between Kissinger and Air Marshal Nur Khan, Lahore, Pakistan, August 1, 1969,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–3.

26
. Memorandum of Conversation between Hilaly and Kissinger, Washington, DC, June 17, 1970,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

27
. Telegram 5012, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, June 21, 1970,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

28
. Telegram 7805, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, October 5, 1970
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1.

29
. Memorandum of Conversation between Nixon and Yahya, Washington, DC, October 25, 1970,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–3.

30
. Ibid.

31
. Ibid.

32
. Ibid.

33
. Airgram A-109 Memorandum of Conversation with Yusuf Haroon, from U.S. Consulate Karachi to State Department, in
The American Papers: Secret and Confidential India-Pakistan-Bangladesh Documents, 1965–1973
, ed. Roedad Khan (Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1999), 373.

34
. Herbert Feldman,
The End and the Beginning: Pakistan 1969–1971
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1975), 46–47.

35
. See, for example, Political Assessment from the U.S. Embassy Rawalpindi to the Department of State, dated February 13, 1970, in Khan,
The American Papers
, 327–346.

36
. Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger] to President Nixon, Washington, DC, November 20, 1970,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2

37
. All figures from Election Commission of Pakistan, Report on the General Elections Pakistan 1970–1971, vol. 1 (Karachi, Pakistan: Election Commission of Pakistan, 1972).