Magnificent Delusions (61 page)

38
. Intelligence Brief from the Director of Intelligence and Research to Secretary of State Rogers, “Pakistan: Election Results Suggest Fresh Problems,” December 8, 1970,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): E-7.

39
. Ibid.

40
. For an account of Bhutto and the military leaders coordinating strategy toward Mujib and the Awami League, see Hasan Zaheer,
The Separation of East Pakistan: The Rise and Realization of Bengali Muslim Nationalism
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1994), 136–140.

41
. Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger] to President Nixon, Washington, DC, February 22, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

42
. Ibid.

43
. Telegram 540, from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, February 28, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

44
. Kamal Matinuddin,
Tragedy of Errors: East Pakistan Crisis 1968–1971
(Lahore, Pakistan: Wajidalis, 1994), 75–76.

45
. Sherbaz Khan Mazari,
The Journey to Disillusionment
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1999), 136.

46
. Robert Victor Jackson,
South Asian Crisis: India, Pakistan, and Bangla Desh: A Political and Historical Analysis of the 1971 War
(New York: Praeger, 1975), 20.

47
. Sydney H. Schanberg, “Bengalis and Punjabis: Nation Split by Geography, Hate,”
New York Times
, December 1, 1970.

48
. Siddiq Salik,
Witness to Surrender
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1978), 29. At the time Salik was the military's public relations officer in East Pakistan. Others attribute the quote to Major General Muhammad Akbar, head of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), but say it was specifically aimed at Mujib. See Matinuddin,
Tragedy of Errors
, 156.

49
. Schanberg, “Bengalis and Punjabis.”

50
. Talukder Maniruzzaman,
The Bangladesh Revolution and Its Aftermath
(Dacca: Bangladesh Books, 1980), 79–80.

51
. Fazal Muqeem Khan,
Pakistan's Crisis in Leadership
(Islamabad, Pakistan: National Book Foundation, 1973), 51.

52
. Salik,
Witness to Surrender
, 53.

53
. Transcript of Telephone Conversation between President Nixon and His Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], San Clemente, California, March 29, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 35–37.

54
. Ibid.

55
. Telegram 165, from American Embassy Islamabad to State Department, “Admiral Ahsan on Events in East Pakistan,” dated August 17, 1971, in Khan,
The American Papers
, 643.

56
. Transcript of Telephone Conversation between President Nixon and His Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], San Clemente, California, March 30, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 37–38.

57
. Telegram 959, from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, March 28, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

58
. Telegram 978, from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, March 29, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–3.

59
. Telegram 986, from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, March 30, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

60
. Telegram 2954, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, March 31, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–2.

61
. Telegram from the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, Dacca, Bangladesh, April 6, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 45–47.

62
. Sydney Schanberg, “An Alien Army Imposes Its Will: East Pakistan,”
New York Times
, July 4, 1971.

63
. Chester Bowles, “Pakistan's Made-in-USA Arms,”
New York Times
, April 18, 1971.

64
. Henry Kissinger,
The White House Years
(New York: Little Brown, 1979), 854.

65
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to Department of State, April 8, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 52–56.

66
. Memorandum from Harold Saunders of the National Security Council Staff to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], Washington, DC, April 19, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 85–87.

67
. Memorandum from the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger] to President Nixon, Washington, DC, April 28, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 91–99.

68
. Airgram A-118, dated July 2, 1971, in Khan,
The American Papers
, 614–615.

69
. Michael Hornsby, “President Yahya Dashes Hopes of Reconciliation,”
The Times
(London), July 3, 1971.

70
. Tad Szulc, “Diplomatic Striptease in Foggy Bottom: US and Pakistan,”
New York Times
, June 11, 1972.

71
. Zaheer,
The Separation of East Pakistan
, 296.

72
. Letter from Indian Prime Minister Gandhi to President Nixon, New Delhi, India, May 13, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 117–119.

73
. “Pakistan Condemned,” editorial,
New York Times
, July 14, 1971.

74
. Conversation among President Nixon, his Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], and the Ambassador to Pakistan [Farland], Washington, DC, July 28, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

75
. Kissinger,
The White House Years
, 861.

76
. Conversation among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], British Foreign Secretary Douglas-Home, and the British Ambassador to the United States [Cromer],Washington, DC, September 30, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

77
. Memorandum of Conversation between Henry Kissinger and Indira Gandhi, July 7, 1971, New Delhi, India,
FRUS
11 (1976): 221–226.

78
. Memorandum of Conversation between Kissinger and Jagjivan Ram, July 7, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

79
. Memorandum of Conversation between Kissinger and Ambassador Jha, Washington, DC, September 11, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 407–409.

80
. Seymour Hersh,
The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House
(New York: Summit Books, 1983), 452.

81
. Hemen Ray,
The Enduring Friendship: Soviet-Indian Relations in Mrs. Gandhi's Days
(New Delhi, India: Abhinav Publications, 1989), 15.

82
. Surjit Mansingh,
India's Search for Power: Indira Gandhi's Foreign Policy, 1966–1982
(New Delhi, India: Sage, 1984), 135.

83
. Memorandum from the Deputy Administrator of the Agency for International Development [Williams] to Secretary of State Rogers, Washington, DC, November 5, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): 1–5.

84
. Joseph Alsop, “US Role in South Asia,”
Washington Post, Times Herald
, January 14, 1972.

85
. Transcript of Telephone Conversation between the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger] and the Pakistani Ambassador [Raza], Washington, DC, December 8, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

86
. Transcript of Telephone Conversation between Secretary of State Rogers and the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], Washington, DC, December 23, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976): E-7.

87
. Gul Hassan Khan,
Memoirs of Lt. Gen. Gul Hassan Khan
(Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, 1993), 328.

88
. Telegram 19243, from the Embassy in India to the Department of State, December 15, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–76).

89
. Conversation among President Nixon, his Assistant [Haldeman], and his Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], Washington, DC, December 15, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

90
. John H. Gill,
An Atlas of the 1971 India-Pakistan War: The Creation of Bangladesh
(Washington, DC: National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies Occasional Paper, 2004).

91
. Charles Mohrs, “Dacca Captured: Guns Quiet in Bengali Area but War Goes on at Western…,”
New York Times
, December 16, 1971.

92
. Malcolm Browne, “West to Fight On: Yahya Calls for Help but Vows to Battle ‘Alone If We Must',”
New York Times
, December 16, 1971.

Chapter Four: Picking Up the Pieces

1
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Islamabad, Meeting with Bhutto, December 20, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 858–861.

2
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, for Deputy Asst. Secretary Van Hollen, February 17, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

3
. Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, March 23, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

4
. Cable from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, April 4, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

5
. Cable from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Bhutto Looks to the Summit, June 22, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

6
. A. R. Siddiqi,
The Military in Pakistan: Image and Reality
(Lahore, Pakistan: Vanguard Books, 1996), 223.

7
. Ibid., 224.

8
. Malcolm Browne, “The People Went to Mosques to Pray and Weep: India-Pakistan,”
New York Times
, December 19, 1971.

9
. Telegram 12542, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, December 14, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

10
. Browne, “The People Went to Mosques to Pray and Weep.”

11
. Conversation among President Nixon, his Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], and Secretary of State Rogers, Washington, DC, November 24, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

12
. Ibid.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Telegram 227784, from the Department of State to the Embassy in Pakistan, December 18, 1971,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

15
. Malcolm Browne, “Bhutto Tries to Put the Pieces Together,”
New York Times
, December 26, 1971.

16
. Telegram from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, Islamabad, Pakistan, Conversation with Pres. Bhutto Wednesday Evening, December 22, December 23, 1971,
FRUS
11 (1969–1976): 869–872.

17
. Backchannel Message from the Ambassador to Pakistan [Farland] to the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs [Kissinger], Islamabad, Pakistan, January 13, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

18
. Malcolm Browne, “Bhutto a Whirlwind on Mission to Restore a Shattered Pakistan,”
New York Times
, January 19, 1972.

19
. Robert La Porte Jr., “Pakistan in 1972: Picking Up the Pieces,”
Asian Survey
13, no. 2 (February 1973): 187–198.

20
. Ibid., 187–188.

21
. James Michener, “A Lament for Pakistan,”
New York Times
, January 9, 1972.

22
. “Mr. Bhutto's New Pakistan,”
New York Times
, December 22, 1971.

23
. C. L. Sulzberger, “Bhutto Wants a Defense Pact with US,”
New York Times
, February 13, 1972.

24
. Telegram 1581, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, February 17, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

25
. Anwar H. Syed, “Z.A. Bhutto's Self-Characterizations and Pakistani Political Culture',”
Asian Survey
18, no. 12 (December 1978): 1260.

26
. Telegram 2213, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, March 10, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

27
. Telegram 1834, from the Embassy in Pakistan to the Department of State, February 25, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

28
. Memorandum from Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, President Bhutto's Proposals for Closer Military Collaboration, Washington, DC, March 17, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).

29
. “New Friends, Neglected Loves,”
New York Times
, February 24, 1972.

30
. Memorandum for the President's File, Washington, DC, February 3, 1972,
FRUS
E-7 (1969–1976).