Plagues in World History (48 page)

156, 174–75; emergence of, 137; gay

the United States, 144–55.
See also

community and, 145–50, 152–53;

human immunodeficiency virus

geographical origins of, 141–42, 144;

acute infection syndrome, 137

history of, 144–50, 155, 160–61; in

acute respiratory distress syndrome

Latin America, 170–73; and

(ARDS), 119

morality, 152–53; opportunistic

Africa.
See
sub-Saharan Africa

infections occurring with, 137–38,

afterlife, conceptions of, 58–59

157–58; as pandemic, 11; in Pattern

Agramont, Jacme d’, 43

I countries, 135, 138, 139, 140, 144,

Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of

156; in Pattern II countries, 135,

Intellectual Property Rights

137, 156, 160, 166; in Pattern III

(TRIPS), 171, 173

233

234 y Index

AIDS.
See
acquired immune deficiency Bangavasi (newspaper), 68

syndrome

Bangladesh, 108, 173, 174

AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG), 148

Battumta, Ibn, from Morocco, 55

AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power

Bauer, Henry, 143

(ACT UP), 145–48

Bede, 24

Alves, Rodrigues, 86

Belgian Congo, 118

Amanti, Dominico, 48–49, 51, 55–56

Bernard, Master (doctor), 84

American Holocaust, 78–81

Besançon, France, 84

Amherst, Jeffrey, 82

Bey, Muhammad, 107

Anastasius of Sinai, 44;
Quaestiones et

Bible, 1, 4–5, 25, 28, 49

Responsiones
, 31

Bill Gates Foundation, 164

Anatomy Act (1832), 104

biological warfare, early forms of, 35,

anthrax, 2, 214n10

77, 81, 82

anticontagionism, 103

bioterrorism, 87, 214n10

antigenic drift, 74, 111

Black Death, 33–61; causes of, 38–44;

antigenic shift, 74, 111, 125

comparison of Christian and Islamic

antiretroviral therapy (ART), 137, 140–

responses to, 37–61; contemporary

41, 143, 144, 163–65, 169–73

accounts of, 15; controversies

Antonine Plague, 22, 77

concerning, 36–37; economic impact

Antoninus, Lucius Aurelius Commodus,

of, 59–61; flight from, 44–49; impact

77

of, 36–61; Islam and, 37–61, 69, 71;

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, 77

medical responses to, 37–49, 54–57;

Apollo, 2, 7

origins and spread of, 33–36; plague

Aristotle, 42

symptoms during, 21; positive

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology,

aspects of, 12, 59–60, 71; responses

118, 119

to, 28, 30–31, 37–61; scapegoating of

ART.
See
antiretroviral therapy

Jews during, 15–16, 53–54; social

Asclepius, 7

effects of, 38–59; timeframe of, 22–

Athens.
See
Plague of Athens (430–426

23; treatment of, 37–38

B.C.E.)

Black Legend, 82–83

Augustine, Saint, 25, 30;
De Doctrina

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 46–48, 84, 154

Christiana
, 48

body-snatching, 104

Australia, 175

Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel
, 83

avian flu, 119, 127–30

Botswana, 164

Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 38

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

Ayurvedic tradition, 5, 105, 118

(mad cow disease), 129, 177

Azerbaijan, 131

Brazil, 78, 170–72

azidothymidine (AZT), 140, 145, 148,

Bristol-Myers Squibb, 172

149, 171

Britain: and cholera, 104–8; imperialism

Aztecs, 9, 78, 80–81

of, 62–69, 86, 105–6; and influenza,

117–18, 120–21; and plague, 62–69

bacille
Calmette-Guérin (BCG), 90

British Civil Service, 65, 67, 68, 71

Bahamas, 167

Brontë sisters, 94

Index y 235

Brown, Edwin, 95

cholera, 101–9; causes of, 101–3, 107–

Brown, Mercy, 95

8; death rates from, 101;

brucellosis, 2

environmental factors in, 103, 107;

Brüno
(film), 150

history of, 102; imperialism and,

buboes, 21, 24, 190n11

105; pandemics of, 102; responses

bubonic plague, 7, 15, 19–22, 24, 29,

to, 103–5; societal factors in, 102–4;

65

symptoms of, 95, 101–2;

Buchanan, Patrick, 152

transmission of, 98, 101–2, 107–8;

Buckley, William F., 147

treatment of, 108–9

Buenos, Aires, Argentina, 70

Chopin, Frédéric, 94

Bugie, Elizabeth, 90

Christianity: and the afterlife, 58–59;

Bunyan, John, 90

Islamic responses to plague compared

Burdwan Sanjivani
(newspaper), 66

to those of, 38–61; and Native

Burke, William, 104

Americans, 84; and original sin

Burroughs Welcome, 148

doctrine, 25, 30; and plague, 25–31,

Bush, George H. W., 148

38, 40–61; and science/medicine,

Bush, George W., 87, 153–54, 168

41–43, 54–56

Cipla corporation, 164

Caldwell, John, 157

civil liberties, public health imperatives

Caldwell, Pat, 157

and, 97, 123, 146–47, 153–54

Calmette, Albert, 90

Clinton, Bill, 149

Cambodia, 173

Cohn, Samuel K., Jr., 194n78

Camille
(film), 94

collapse therapy, 92–93

Canada, 118

Colombia, 170

cancer, 137–38

colonialism.
See
imperialism

Cape Town, South Africa, 69–70

combination therapy, 149, 171

Caribbean, AIDS in, 166–70

commerce, and the spread of disease,

Carter, Jimmy, 126

33, 35

Casas, Bartolomé de las, 82

Concentrated Animal Feeding

Catholic Church, 168, 173

Operations (CAFOs), 128–29

CDC.
See
Centers for Disease Control Confucius, 64

Centers for Disease Control (CDC),

consumption, 90, 93–95

125, 126, 130, 133, 144–45, 151

contagion: Greek theories and, 6;

Central America, AIDS in, 170

plague, 20, 30, 31, 39–44, 47–48;

Charoen Pokphand (CP), 129

smallpox, 75; tuberculosis, 91

Chase, Chevy, 126

contagionism, 103

Chauliac, Gui de, 47

Cook, David Noble, 79

Chekov, Anton, 94

Coppo Stefani, Marchionne di, 57

children, and AIDS, 165–66

Córdoba, Alfonso de, 53

China: AIDS in, 173–75; conceptions

Cortés, Hernán, 9, 78

of disease in, 4–6; and influenza,

Coulter, Ann, 147

119, 124, 128; and plague, 34, 63–

cover-ups of disease, 64, 105, 108, 124,

64, 68; and SARS, 108, 182

130, 151, 160

236 y Index

Crosby, Alfred W., 79, 114, 117, 123,

Doctors without Borders, 164

187n29;
Epidemic and Peace
, 125

Dols, Michael, 52, 54–55

Cruz, Oswaldo, 86

Dominican Republic, 78, 166–68

Cuba, 168–70

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 94

Cuitláhuac, 80

Duesberg, Peter, 142–44, 163

Culshaw, Rebecca, 143

Duffy, John, 79

Cuthbert, Saint, 24

Dumas, Alexandre, fils,
The Lady of the

cytokine storm, 119, 127, 131

Camillias
, 94

Duncan, Christopher J., 194n78

Dance of Death, 26, 76

Duplessis, Marie, 94

Dante Alighieri,
Divine Comedy
, 58

Dutch East Indies, 118

Defense of Marriage Act, 153

Democratic Republic of Congo, 155,

Ebers Papyrus, 73

160

Ebola, 119, 177, 179, 180

Desai, U. L., 68

economy, Black Death and, 59–61

Dhanwantari, 73

Ecuador, 78

Dickens, Charles, 94

Egypt, 3–4, 59–60, 73, 131

directly observed therapy (DOT), 97,

Eley, Susannah, 107

99

El Salvador, 170

disease: benefits of, 12–13, 71–72;

Emergency AIDS Relief, 168

causes of, 2, 4–6; coercive treatments Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 94

of, 97–98; concept of, 10; cover-ups

England, 59–60

or nonreporting of, 64, 105, 108,

environment: as cause of disease, 5–6,

124, 130, 151, 160, 182;

34–35, 91, 100, 103, 107–8, 113;

environmental factors in, 5–6, 34–

human damages to, 10, 179–81

35, 91, 93–94, 100, 103, 113; flight

Epidemic Diseases Act (1897), 66, 67

from, 29–32, 44–50, 84; gods or God

Esculo, Saladin Ferro de, 43

as origin of, 1–2, 4–5, 7, 84, 152;

Estonia, 175

history of, 2–16, 179–81; human

Etaples, France, 120

impact on, 13–17, 182–83; medical

Euclid, 41

advances contributing to, 11;

Evagrius Scholasticus, 24, 27

modern accounts of, 8–16;

evil eye, 41

noninfectious, 16; positivist

approach to, 9, 15–16; preventive

factory farms, 128–29

measures for, 2–3, 38; rational

Fairbanks, Alaska, 118

approach to, 4–6, 39–40; relativist

Falwell, Jerry, 152

approach to, 10, 14; social effects of,

Fauci, Anthony, 148

7–12; sources of information about,

Flagellant movement, 28, 52–53,

2–8; spread of, 2, 9; study of, 13–17;

196n133

transition periods concerning, 180–

flight: from disease, 84; from plague,

81; written historical references to,

29–32, 44–50

3–8, 14–15

flu.
See
influenza

Dnyán Prakásh
(newspaper), 67

fluid replacement therapy, 108

Index y 237

Foligno, Gentile da, 41, 46

Hajar al-‘Asqalamnıµ, Ibn, 42, 50, 55

Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

Hamburg, Germany, 104–5

147–48

Hanks, Tom, 150

Ford, Gerald, 125–26

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS),

Fracastoro, Girolamo, 15, 75

119, 177, 180

France, 65, 103–4, 120, 121

Harappa, 3

free will, 49

Hare, William, 104

French disease, 74

Harven, Etienne de, 143

Fumento, Michael, 146

Haskell County, Kansas, 120

Hawaii, 69–70, 83, 153

Gaia effect, 180

health boards, 56–57

Galen, 38, 39, 45, 46, 196n108;
De

Heinrich of Herford, 52

Differentiis Febrium
, 41

hemorrhagic fevers, 119, 179

Galileo Galilei, 41

Hendra virus, 180

Gallo, Robert, 145

hepatitis, 2

Garbo, Greta, 94

herpes, 2

Garrett, Laurie, 179

highly active antiretroviral therapy

Gatacre, W. F., 67

(HAART), 140, 149–50, 164, 171,

gay community, and AIDS, 144–50,

172

152–53

Hippocrates and the Hippocratic

Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC), 145

tradition, 5–6, 31, 38;
On Airs,

Germany, 104–5, 120

Waters, and Places
, 6;
Aphorisms
, 89; germ theory of disease, 62, 118, 182

Epidemics
, 22, 115, 190n11;

Ghana, 118

Prognostics
, 15

Gilgamesh
, 3

Hispaniola, 78

Gilles li Muisis of Tournai, 55

Homer,
The Iliad
, 2

Giovanni della Penna, 43

Honduras, 170

Giraldo, Roberto, 143, 164

Honolulu, Hawaii, 69–70

glanders, 2

Hopkins, Donald, 73, 87

Gorgas, William, 108

Huangdi Nei Jing
(
The Yellow Emperor’s Great Plague of London (1665), 37

Classic of Medicine
), 5

great pox, 74

Huayna Capac, 80

Greece, 5–7

Hudson, Rock, 145

Gregory of Tours, 28

Hudson Bay Company, 118

Gregory the Great, Pope, 28

Hugo, Victor, 94

Guatemala, 78, 170

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV):

Guérin, Camille, 90

challenges of, 139–40; characteristics

Guillain-Barré syndrome, 91, 126

of, 74, 135–36; discovery of, 145;

Guyana, 166

heterosexual transmission of, 16,

139, 145, 151, 152, 156–57, 170,

HAART.
See
highly active

175; homosexual transmission of, 16,

antiretroviral therapy

139, 145, 149, 151, 156, 167, 170;

Haiti, 78, 167–68

mother-to-child transmission

238 y Index

(MTCT) of, 139, 145, 158, 163, 164;

seasonality of, 113; societal factors

origins of, 141–44, 155, 160;

in, 113, 121–23, 128–30; symptoms

symptoms of, 136–37; transmission

of, 112–13, 119; transmission of, 19,

of, 138–39, 145, 146, 149, 151, 152,

112–13; treatment of, 116; types of,

156–58, 167, 170, 175; treatment of,

111–12; vaccination against, 91,

139–41.
See also
acquired immune

111, 124–33

deficiency syndrome

inoculation, 85–86.
See also
vaccination humoral theory of disease, 5, 39, 81, 84,

Islam: and the afterlife, 58–59; and

105, 108

cholera epidemic in Tunisia, 107;

Hunter, Susan, 150–51

Christian responses to plague

Husayn ibn Ali, 52

compared to those of, 37–61; and

Hyde-Cates, G. E., 66

flagellation, 52; and plague, 29–34,

37–61; and science/medicine, 39–42,

Illinois, 155

54–57

immune system, 111, 136