Restless Empire (77 page)
Authors: Odd Westad
Parker, Peter,
75
Parliamentary republic,
140
Peasant associations,
156
Peking University,
13
,
73
,
132
,
191
,
205
,
309
,
458
Peng Dehuai,
354
Penghu islands,
103
People’s Action Party,
222–223
People’s Consultative Conference,
292
The People’s Daily (Renmin ribao)
(newspaper),
355
,
397
People’s Liberation Army (PLA),
233
,
290
fear of on Taiwan,
391–392
modernization of,
306–308
,
402–403
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
developing global foreign policy,
465–469
founding of,
291–292
isolation of,
363
political reform and,
380–384
relations with Chinese states,
441–444
social inequality in,
389
,
447–448
Third World and,
341–343
,
346
,
350–353
war with Vietnam,
374
People’s Republic of Mongolia,
429
People’s University,
309
Pereira, Tomas,
11
Philadelphia Press
(newspaper),
130
Philippines,
213
,
217
,
219
,
418–419
Picasso, Pablo,
203
Pickering, William,
221
Piry, Théophile,
194
PLA.
See
People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
Plato,
5
Pluralism, Chinese,
450
Political reform in PRC,
380–384
,
449
Portsmouth Treaty,
111–112
Powell, Colin,
401
PRC.
See
People’s Republic of China (PRC)
Presidential republic,
140
Protestantism in China,
190
,
452–453
Public hygiene,
74–75
Putin, Vladimir,
428
Qianlong (emperor),
8
,
9
,
12
,
19
,
22
,
37–38
Qian Xuesen,
244
Qiaoxiang,
220–221
Qilu University,
190–191
Qing China
British and French attacks against,
50–51
,
56–57
collapse of,
145–151
defeat in Sino-Japanese war,
104–106
diplomacy and,
82–84
education in,
70–73
following death of Qianlong,
19–20
foreign presence in,
84–86
foreign trade and,
35–41
governmental reform of,
135–137
in late 18th century,
20–24
map of empire,
x–xi
Opium War and,
41–46
overview,
6–12
rebellion against,
44–49
revolution of 1911 and formation of republic,
137–142
Russia and,
33–34
Self-strengthening Movement,
54
,
67
,
71
,
90–91
war with France,
57–58
Qingdao,
62
Qingliu Dang,
100
Qing New Policy,
136
qipao,
178–179
Qiu Jin,
208
Qu Qiubai,
207
Rabe, John,
259
Racism
Chinese immigrants and,
223–225
,
235
relations between China and rest of world and,
324
,
325–326
Railways,
185–186
Rao, Narasimha,
434
Rape of Nanjing,
259–261
Rectification campaign,
287
,
302
Refugees, in China,
175
Religion,
189–192
CCP and,
326
militant indigenous,
46–49
Tonghak,
99
See also
Missionaries
Religious revivalists,
451
,
452–453
Republic of Taiwan,
112–113
Rittenberg, Sidney,
355–356
Robertson, Walter,
324
Rockefeller Foundation,
190
Roh Moo-hyun,
411
Rong Hong (Yung Wing),
72
Rong Shangqian,
72–73
Rong Yiren,
243
Rong Zhijian,
243
Roosevelt, Franklin,
257–258
,
264
,
266
,
268–269
,
279
,
280
Roosevelt, Theodore,
111
Rothkegel, Curt,
177
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques,
94
Russia
China and modern,
426–429
foreign relations with,
33–34
Qing dynasty and,
10–11
Russo-Japanese War,
110–112
trade with,
36
Rybalko, Pavel,
197–198
Ryukyu islands,
79–80
Saburo, Yamada,
94–95
Saigo Takamori,
96–97
St. John’s University,
132
Salt Administration,
193
Salt Inspectorate,
194
Sang, Gaston Tong,
229
Sassoon, Victor,
177
Scarborough Shoal,
422
Schwartz, Benjamin,
3
SCO.
See
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Scott, Walter,
177
Scowcroft, Brent,
382–383
Self-strengthening Movement,
54
,
67
,
71
,
90–91
SEZ.
See
Special economic zone (SEZ)
Shandong revival,
191
Shanghai,
55
banks in,
66
Britain and,
165
Chinese modernity and,
180–183
civil war and,
290
as commercial capital,
443
concessions in,
62
demonstrations in,
161
modern architecture in,
177
Sino-Japanese War and,
257
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO),
430–431
Shanghai Cotton Cloth Mill,
67
Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury
(newspaper),
181
Shanghai Group,
33
Shanghai Municipal Council,
180–181
Shanghai Polytechnic,
75
Shaw, George Bernard,
202
Shell,
184
Shenyang,
172
Shenzhen,
377
Shinawatras,
220
Sincere Department Store,
182–183
,
243
Singapore,
55
Chinese immigrants in,
221–223
Japanese invasion of,
266
as regional trade hub,
66
Singer Sewing Machines,
184
Sino-British War (Opium War),
41–43
dismantling of,
79–81
Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895),
100–103
Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945),
247–249
,
257–280
Sino-Vietnamese war of 1979,
407–408
Sneevliet, Hendricus,
198
Snow, Edgar,
368
Social-Darwinism,
86
Social-imperialism,
357
Socialism, Sun Yat-sen and,
155
Social stratification in China,
389
,
447–448
Soejima Taneomi,
92
Song Jiaoren,
143–144
Song Meiling,
240
Song Ong Siang (Song Wangxiang),
221
Soong, Charlie (Song Jiashu),
154
South China Sea, China’s claims in,
421–422
,
425
disputed territories,
423
Southeast Asia
as destination for Chinese emigrants,
213
,
215
,
216–221
trade with and within,
65–66
South Korea (Republic of Korea)
China and,
406
,
410–411
,
412–413
,
460
government control of economy in,
445–446
Soviet advisers,
193
,
301
,
305–307
,
309–310
,
339
military,
306–307
nationalities’ policy,
316–318
Soviet model
for education,
308–311
for military,
306–308
Soviet Union
advice from CCP,
328–329
as Chinese ally during war with Japan,
258
Chinese civil war and,
290
Chinese condemnation of,
357–360
Chinese students in,
238–239
,
241
Communism of,
285–286
Communist China and,
292–293
,
304–306
,
337–341
,
343–346
Cuba and,
352–353
Cultural Revolution and,
354–355
effect of collapse on China,
427–428
,
429–430
Great Leap Forward and,
336–337
